Chitsanzo cha maudindo ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino pa maphunziro azachipatala ndipo chimagwirizana ndi zotsatira zabwino zingapo kwa ophunzira azachipatala, monga kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha umunthu wawo pantchito komanso kudzimva kuti ndi ofunika. Komabe, kwa ophunzira omwe sakuyimira bwino mu zamankhwala chifukwa cha mtundu ndi fuko lawo (URiM), kudzizindikiritsa ndi zitsanzo zachipatala sikungakhale koonekeratu chifukwa sali ndi maziko ofanana a fuko ngati maziko ofananizira anthu. Kafukufukuyu cholinga chake chinali kuphunzira zambiri za zitsanzo zomwe ophunzira a URIM ali nazo kusukulu ya zamankhwala komanso phindu lowonjezera la zitsanzo zoyimira.
Mu kafukufuku wokhudza khalidweli, tinagwiritsa ntchito njira yoganizira bwino kuti tifufuze zomwe ophunzira a URiM anakumana nazo ndi zitsanzo zabwino mu sukulu ya zamankhwala. Tinachita zokambirana zosakonzedwa bwino ndi ophunzira 10 a URiM kuti tidziwe momwe amaonera zitsanzo zabwino, omwe anali zitsanzo zawo panthawi ya sukulu ya zachipatala, komanso chifukwa chake amaona anthuwa ngati zitsanzo zabwino. Malingaliro okhwima adasankha mndandanda wa mitu, mafunso oyankhulana, komanso ma code ofotokozera gawo loyamba la kulemba ma code.
Ophunzira adapatsidwa nthawi yoganizira za chitsanzo chabwino komanso omwe ali zitsanzo zawo. Kupezeka kwa zitsanzo zabwino sikunali koonekeratu chifukwa sanaganizirepo kale, ndipo ophunzirawo adawoneka okayikakayika komanso osasangalala akamakambirana za zitsanzo zabwino. Pomaliza, ophunzira onse adasankha anthu angapo m'malo mwa munthu m'modzi yekha ngati zitsanzo zabwino. Zitsanzo zabwino izi zimagwira ntchito yosiyana: zitsanzo zabwino kuchokera kunja kwa sukulu ya zamankhwala, monga makolo, omwe amawalimbikitsa kugwira ntchito molimbika. Pali zitsanzo zochepa zachipatala zomwe zimagwira ntchito makamaka ngati zitsanzo zabwino zaukadaulo. Kusowa kwa oimira pakati pa mamembala sikusowa kwa zitsanzo zabwino.
Kafukufukuyu akutipatsa njira zitatu zoganiziranso zitsanzo za anthu omwe ali ndi udindo pa maphunziro azachipatala. Choyamba, chimaphatikizidwa m'chikhalidwe: kukhala ndi chitsanzo sikudziwika bwino monga momwe zilili m'mabuku omwe alipo okhudza zitsanzo za anthu omwe ali ndi udindo, zomwe zimachokera kwambiri ku kafukufuku wochitidwa ku United States. Chachiwiri, monga kapangidwe ka chidziwitso: ophunzira adachita zinthu zotsanzira, momwe analibe chitsanzo chachipatala, koma m'malo mwake amawona chitsanzocho ngati chithunzi cha zinthu zochokera kwa anthu osiyanasiyana. Chachitatu, zitsanzo sizimangokhala ndi khalidwe komanso phindu lophiphiritsira, lachiwirili ndilofunika kwambiri kwa ophunzira a URIM chifukwa limadalira kwambiri kufananiza kwa anthu.
Gulu la ophunzira m'masukulu azachipatala aku Dutch likukulirakulira m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana [1, 2], koma ophunzira ochokera m'magulu osayimiridwa mokwanira mu zamankhwala (URiM) amalandira magiredi ochepa azachipatala kuposa magulu ambiri amitundu [1, 3, 4]. Kuphatikiza apo, ophunzira a URiM ali ndi mwayi wochepa wopita patsogolo mu zamankhwala (zomwe zimatchedwa "njira yodulira mankhwala" [5, 6]) ndipo amakumana ndi kusatsimikizika ndi kudzipatula [1, 3]. Machitidwe awa si a ku Netherlands okha: mabuku amanena kuti ophunzira a URIM amakumana ndi mavuto ofanana m'madera ena a ku Europe [7, 8], Australia ndi USA [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14].
Mabuku ophunzitsa anamwino akupereka njira zingapo zothandizira ophunzira a URIM, chimodzi mwa izo ndi "chitsanzo chowoneka cha anthu ochepa" [15]. Kwa ophunzira azachipatala nthawi zambiri, kudziwa zitsanzo kumakhudzana ndi chitukuko cha umunthu wawo pantchito [16, 17], kumva kuti ndiwe wapamaphunziro [18, 19], kuzindikira bwino maphunziro obisika [20], ndi kusankha njira zachipatala. za kukhala m'dziko [21,22, 23,24]. Pakati pa ophunzira a URIM makamaka, kusowa zitsanzo nthawi zambiri kumatchulidwa ngati vuto kapena cholepheretsa kupambana pamaphunziro [15, 23, 25, 26].
Poganizira mavuto omwe ophunzira a URIM amakumana nawo komanso phindu lomwe lingakhalepo la anthu otengera chitsanzo pothana ndi mavutowa, kafukufukuyu cholinga chake chinali kupeza chidziwitso cha zomwe ophunzira a URIM anakumana nazo komanso zomwe amaganizira pankhani ya anthu otengera chitsanzo m'sukulu ya zamankhwala. Munkhaniyi, cholinga chathu ndi kuphunzira zambiri za anthu otengera chitsanzo cha ophunzira a URIM komanso phindu lowonjezera la anthu oimira chitsanzo.
Chitsanzo cha maudindo chimaonedwa ngati njira yofunika kwambiri yophunzirira mu maphunziro azachipatala [27, 28, 29]. Zitsanzo za makhalidwe abwino ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zamphamvu kwambiri "zomwe zimakhudza [...] umunthu wa madokotala" ndipo, motero, "maziko a chikhalidwe cha anthu" [16]. Amapereka "gwero lophunzirira, chilimbikitso, kudzisankhira komanso chitsogozo cha ntchito" [30] ndipo amathandizira kupeza chidziwitso chobisika komanso "kuyenda kuchokera m'mphepete kupita pakati pa anthu ammudzi" komwe ophunzira ndi okhalamo akufuna kulowa nawo [16]. Ngati ophunzira azachipatala omwe ali ndi mafuko ochepa komanso osakhala ndi mafuko abwino sangapeze zitsanzo zabwino mu sukulu ya zamankhwala, izi zitha kulepheretsa chitukuko chawo cha umunthu.
Kafukufuku wambiri wa anthu omwe ali ndi zitsanzo zachipatala wafufuza makhalidwe a aphunzitsi abwino azachipatala, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti dokotala akamafufuza mabokosi ambiri, amakhala ndi mwayi waukulu woti akhale chitsanzo chabwino kwa ophunzira azachipatala [31,32,33,34]. Zotsatira zake zakhala chidziwitso chochuluka chokhudza aphunzitsi azachipatala monga zitsanzo zamakhalidwe abwino zomwe zimapezeka kudzera mu kuyang'anitsitsa, zomwe zimasiya mpata wodziwa momwe ophunzira azachipatala amadziwira zitsanzo zawo komanso chifukwa chake zitsanzozo ndizofunikira.
Akatswiri a maphunziro azachipatala amazindikira kwambiri kufunika kwa anthu otengera chitsanzo pakukula kwa akatswiri a zachipatala. Kumvetsetsa bwino njira zomwe zimayambira anthu otengera chitsanzo kumavuta chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mgwirizano pa matanthauzidwe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mosagwirizana mapangidwe a kafukufuku [35, 36], zosinthika za zotsatira, njira, ndi nkhani [31, 37, 38]. Komabe, nthawi zambiri zimavomerezedwa kuti mfundo ziwiri zazikulu zophunzirira kumvetsetsa njira yochitira chitsanzo ndi kuphunzira kwa anthu ndi kuzindikira maudindo [30]. Choyamba, kuphunzira kwa anthu, chimachokera ku chiphunzitso cha Bandura chomwe anthu amaphunzira kudzera mu kuwona ndi kuwonetsa chitsanzo [36]. Chachiwiri, kuzindikira maudindo, chimatanthauza "kukopeka kwa munthu ndi anthu omwe amaona kuti akufanana nawo" [30].
Mu gawo la chitukuko cha ntchito, kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwachitika pofotokoza njira yochitira chitsanzo. Donald Gibson adasiyanitsa zitsanzo kuchokera ku mawu ofanana komanso osinthika nthawi zambiri "chitsanzo cha khalidwe" ndi "mlangizi," kupereka zolinga zosiyanasiyana zachitukuko kwa zitsanzo zamakhalidwe ndi alangizi [30]. Zitsanzo zamakhalidwe zimayang'ana kwambiri kuwona ndi kuphunzira, alangizi amadziwika ndi kutenga nawo mbali ndi kuyanjana, ndipo zitsanzo zimalimbikitsa kudzera mu kuzindikira ndi kufananiza chikhalidwe. Munkhaniyi, tasankha kugwiritsa ntchito (ndikukulitsa) tanthauzo la Gibson la chitsanzo: "kapangidwe ka chidziwitso kozikidwa pa makhalidwe a anthu omwe ali ndi maudindo achikhalidwe omwe munthu amakhulupirira kuti ali ofanana ndi iye mwanjira ina, ndipo tikukhulupirira kuti akuwonjezera kufanana komwe kumawonedwa mwa kutsanzira makhalidwe awa" [30]. Tanthauzo ili likuwonetsa kufunika kwa kudziwika kwa chikhalidwe ndi kufanana komwe kumawonedwa, zopinga ziwiri zomwe ophunzira a URIM angapeze pakupeza zitsanzo.
Ophunzira a URiM akhoza kukhala ndi mavuto chifukwa cha tanthauzo lake: chifukwa ali m'gulu la anthu ochepa, ali ndi "anthu ofanana nawo" ochepa kuposa ophunzira ochepa, kotero akhoza kukhala ndi zitsanzo zochepa zomwe angathe kuchita. Zotsatira zake, "achinyamata ochepa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zitsanzo zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi zolinga zawo pantchito" [39]. Kafukufuku wambiri akusonyeza kuti kufanana kwa anthu (kudziwika kwa anthu, monga mtundu) kungakhale kofunikira kwambiri kwa ophunzira a URIM kuposa ophunzira ambiri. Kufunika kowonjezera kwa zitsanzo zoyimira kumawonekera koyamba ophunzira a URIM akamaganizira zofunsira ku sukulu ya zamankhwala: kufananiza anthu ndi zitsanzo zoyimira kumawapangitsa kukhulupirira kuti "anthu omwe ali m'malo awo" amatha kupambana [40]. Kawirikawiri, ophunzira ochepa omwe ali ndi chitsanzo chimodzi choyimira amasonyeza "kuchita bwino kwambiri pamaphunziro" kuposa ophunzira omwe alibe zitsanzo kapena zitsanzo zakunja kwa gulu [41]. Ngakhale ophunzira ambiri mu sayansi, ukadaulo, uinjiniya, ndi masamu amalimbikitsidwa ndi zitsanzo zochepa komanso zambiri, ophunzira ochepa ali pachiwopsezo chochepetsedwa ndi zitsanzo zambiri [42]. Kusowa kufanana pakati pa ophunzira ang'onoang'ono ndi zitsanzo zakunja kwa gulu kumatanthauza kuti sangathe "kupatsa achinyamata chidziwitso chapadera chokhudza luso lawo monga mamembala a gulu linalake la anthu" [41].
Funso lofufuza la kafukufukuyu linali lakuti: Kodi ndani anali zitsanzo zabwino kwa omaliza maphunziro a URiM panthawi ya sukulu ya zamankhwala? Tigawa vutoli m'magawo ang'onoang'ono otsatirawa:
Tinaganiza zopanga kafukufuku wokhudza umunthu kuti tithandize kufufuza bwino cholinga chathu cha kafukufuku, chomwe chinali kuphunzira zambiri za omwe adamaliza maphunziro a URiM ndi chifukwa chake anthuwa ndi zitsanzo zabwino. Njira yathu yotsogolera malingaliro [43] choyamba imafotokoza mfundo zomwe zimawonjezera chidwi mwa kupanga chidziwitso choyambirira ndi malingaliro omwe amakhudza malingaliro a ofufuza [44]. Potsatira Dorevaard [45], lingaliro la kudziwitsa kenako linasankha mndandanda wa mitu, mafunso a mafunso okonzedwa pang'ono ndipo potsiriza ngati ma code ofotokozera mu gawo loyamba la kulemba. Mosiyana ndi kusanthula kokhazikika kwa Dorevaard, tinalowa mu gawo lobwerezabwereza, kuwonjezera ma code ofotokozera ndi ma code odziwitsa (onani Chithunzi 1. Chimango cha kafukufuku wozikidwa pa lingaliro).
Kafukufukuyu adachitika pakati pa omaliza maphunziro a URiM ku University Medical Center Utrecht (UMC Utrecht) ku Netherlands. Bungwe la Utrecht University Medical Center likuyerekeza kuti ophunzira azachipatala ochepera 20% pakadali pano ndi ochokera kumayiko ena omwe si ochokera kumayiko akumadzulo.
Timatanthauzira omaliza maphunziro a URiM ngati omaliza maphunziro ochokera m'magulu akuluakulu a mafuko omwe kale anali osayimiridwa bwino ku Netherlands. Ngakhale kuti timavomereza kusiyana kwa mafuko awo, "kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha mafuko m'masukulu azachipatala" kukupitirirabe kukhala nkhani yodziwika bwino.
Tinafunsa mafunso kwa ophunzira omwe adaphunzira kale osati kwa ophunzira chifukwa ophunzirawo amatha kupereka malingaliro obwerera m'mbuyo omwe amawathandiza kuganizira zomwe adakumana nazo panthawi ya sukulu ya zamankhwala, ndipo chifukwa choti salinso mu maphunziro, amatha kulankhula momasuka. Tinkafunanso kupewa kuyika zofuna zazikulu kwambiri kwa ophunzira a URIM ku yunivesite yathu pankhani yochita nawo kafukufuku wokhudza ophunzira a URIM. Zomwe takumana nazo zatiphunzitsa kuti zokambirana ndi ophunzira a URIM zitha kukhala zovuta kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, tidayika patsogolo kuyankhulana kwachinsinsi komanso kotetezeka komwe ophunzira amatha kulankhula momasuka m'malo mongolemba deta kudzera m'njira zina monga magulu owunikira.
Chitsanzocho chinayimiridwa mofanana ndi amuna ndi akazi ochokera m'mitundu ikuluikulu yomwe inali yosadziwika bwino ku Netherlands. Pa nthawi ya kuyankhulana, ophunzira onse anali atamaliza maphunziro awo ku sukulu ya zachipatala pakati pa chaka chimodzi ndi 15 zapitazo ndipo pakadali pano anali okhala m'deralo kapena akugwira ntchito ngati akatswiri azachipatala.
Pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo za mpira wa chipale chofewa, wolemba woyamba adalumikizana ndi ophunzira 15 a URiM omwe sanagwirizanepo kale ndi UMC Utrecht kudzera pa imelo, 10 mwa iwo adavomereza kufunsidwa mafunso. Kupeza omaliza maphunziro ochokera kudera laling'ono lomwe kale linali lofunitsitsa kutenga nawo mbali mu kafukufukuyu kunali kovuta. Ophunzira asanu omaliza maphunziro adati sakufuna kufunsidwa mafunso ngati anthu ochepa. Wolemba woyamba adachita mafunso payekhapayekha ku UMC Utrecht kapena kuntchito kwa omaliza maphunzirowo. Mndandanda wa mitu (onani Chithunzi 1: Kapangidwe ka Kafukufuku Koyendetsedwa ndi Maganizo) unakonza zokambiranazo, ndikusiya malo oti ophunzira apange mitu yatsopano ndikufunsa mafunso. Mafunsowo amatenga pafupifupi mphindi makumi asanu ndi limodzi.
Tinafunsa ophunzira za zitsanzo zawo kumayambiriro kwa kuyankhulana koyamba ndipo tinaona kuti kukhalapo ndi kukambirana kwa zitsanzo zoimira sikunali koonekeratu ndipo kunali kokhudza mtima kuposa momwe tinkayembekezera. Kuti tipange ubale ("gawo lofunika kwambiri pa kuyankhulana" lophatikizapo "kukhulupirirana ndi ulemu kwa wofunsidwayo ndi zomwe akugawana") [46], tinawonjezera mutu wa "kudzifotokozera" kumayambiriro kwa kuyankhulana. Izi zithandiza kuti pakhale kukambirana pang'ono ndikupanga malo omasuka pakati pa wofunsayo ndi munthu winayo tisanapite ku mitu yovuta kwambiri.
Pambuyo pa kuyankhulana khumi, tinamaliza kusonkhanitsa deta. Kufufuza kwa kafukufukuyu kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kudziwa komwe deta yafalikira. Komabe, chifukwa cha mndandanda wa mitu, mayankho obwerezabwereza adawonekera bwino kwa olemba mafunsowo koyambirira. Pambuyo pokambirana mafunso asanu ndi atatu oyamba ndi olemba achitatu ndi achinayi, tinaganiza zochita mafunso ena awiri, koma izi sizinapereke malingaliro atsopano. Tinagwiritsa ntchito mawu ojambulidwa kuti tilembe mafunsowo momwe analili—zolembedwazo sizinabwezedwe kwa ophunzirawo.
Ophunzira adapatsidwa mayina a ma code (R1 mpaka R10) kuti alembe detayo molakwika. Zolembazo zimasanthulidwa m'magawo atatu:
Choyamba, tinakonza deta ndi mutu wa kuyankhulana, zomwe zinali zosavuta chifukwa kukhudzidwa, mitu ya kuyankhulana, ndi mafunso a kuyankhulana zinali zofanana. Izi zinapangitsa kuti pakhale magawo asanu ndi atatu okhala ndi ndemanga za aliyense pa mutuwo.
Kenako tinalemba deta pogwiritsa ntchito ma code ochotsera. Deta yomwe sinali yogwirizana ndi ma code ochotsera inaperekedwa ku ma code ochotsera ndipo inalembedwa ngati mitu yodziwika mu njira yobwerezabwereza [47] momwe wolemba woyamba ankakambirana za kupita patsogolo sabata iliyonse ndi olemba achitatu ndi achinayi kwa miyezi ingapo. Pamisonkhano iyi, olembawo adakambirana zolemba za m'munda ndi milandu yokhudza ma code osamveka bwino, komanso adaganizira nkhani zosankha ma code ochotsera. Zotsatira zake, mitu itatu idatuluka: moyo wa ophunzira ndi kusamuka, kudziwika kwa zikhalidwe ziwiri, komanso kusowa kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana m'sukulu ya zamankhwala.
Pomaliza, tinafotokoza mwachidule magawo omwe adalembedwa, tinawonjezera mawu, ndipo tinawakonza motsatira mitu. Zotsatira zake zinali ndemanga yatsatanetsatane yomwe inatithandiza kupeza njira zoyankhira mafunso athu ang'onoang'ono: Kodi ophunzira amazindikira bwanji anthu omwe ali zitsanzo zawo, omwe anali zitsanzo zawo kusukulu ya zamankhwala, ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani anthuwa anali zitsanzo zawo? Ophunzirawo sanapereke ndemanga pa zotsatira za kafukufukuyu.
Tinafunsa mafunso kwa ophunzira 10 a URiM ochokera ku sukulu ya zachipatala ku Netherlands kuti tidziwe zambiri za zitsanzo zawo panthawi ya sukulu ya zachipatala. Zotsatira za kusanthula kwathu zagawidwa m'mitu itatu (tanthauzo la chitsanzo, zitsanzo zodziwika, ndi luso la chitsanzo).
Zinthu zitatu zomwe zimafala kwambiri pa tanthauzo la chitsanzo ndi izi: kufananiza anthu (njira yopezera kufanana pakati pa munthu ndi zitsanzo zake), kuyamikira (ulemu kwa wina), ndi kutsanzira (chikhumbo chofuna kutsanzira kapena kukhala ndi khalidwe linalake). kapena luso)). Pansipa pali mawu omwe ali ndi zinthu zotsanzira ndi kutsanzira.
Chachiwiri, tapeza kuti ophunzira onse adafotokoza mbali zosiyanasiyana za chitsanzo cha munthu payekha komanso momwe zinthu zilili. Mbali zimenezi zikufotokoza kuti anthu alibe chitsanzo chimodzi chokhazikika, koma anthu osiyanasiyana ali ndi zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Pansipa pali mawu ochokera kwa mmodzi mwa ophunzira omwe akufotokoza momwe zitsanzo zimasinthira munthu akamakula.
Palibe wophunzira aliyense amene akanatha kuganiza nthawi yomweyo za chitsanzo chabwino. Pofufuza mayankho a funso lakuti “Kodi ndinu zitsanzo zabwino za ndani?”, tinapeza zifukwa zitatu zomwe zimawavuta kutchula zitsanzo zabwino. Chifukwa choyamba chomwe ambiri a iwo amapereka ndi chakuti sanaganizirepo za anthu omwe ali zitsanzo zabwino.
Chifukwa chachiwiri chomwe ophunzirawo adaganiza chinali chakuti mawu oti "chitsanzo chabwino" sankagwirizana ndi momwe ena amawaonera. Ophunzira angapo omwe adaphunzira adafotokoza kuti dzina la "chitsanzo chabwino" ndi lalikulu kwambiri ndipo silikugwira ntchito kwa aliyense chifukwa palibe wangwiro.
"Ndikuganiza kuti ndi za ku America kwambiri, zili ngati, 'Izi ndi zomwe ndikufuna kukhala. Ndikufuna kukhala Bill Gates, ndikufuna kukhala Steve Jobs. [...] Chifukwa chake, kunena zoona, sindinali ndi chitsanzo chabwino chomwe chinali chodzikuza kwambiri" [R3].
"Ndikukumbukira kuti panthawi ya internship yanga panali anthu angapo omwe ndimafuna kukhala ngati iwo, koma sizinali choncho: anali zitsanzo zabwino" [R7].
Chifukwa chachitatu n’chakuti ophunzirawo anafotokoza kuti chitsanzo cha udindo ndi njira yodziwikiratu osati chisankho chodziwikiratu chomwe angachiganizire mosavuta.
"Ndikuganiza kuti ndi chinthu chomwe mumachita nacho mosazindikira. Sizikutanthauza kuti, "Ichi ndi chitsanzo changa ndipo ichi ndi chomwe ndikufuna kukhala," koma ndikuganiza kuti mosazindikira mumakhudzidwa ndi anthu ena opambana. Mphamvu". [R3].
Ophunzira anali ndi mwayi waukulu wokambirana za zitsanzo zoipa kuposa kukambirana za zitsanzo zabwino komanso kugawana zitsanzo za madokotala omwe sangafune kukhala.
Pambuyo pokayikira pang'ono, ophunzirawo adatchula anthu angapo omwe angakhale zitsanzo zabwino mu sukulu ya zamankhwala. Tinawagawa m'magulu asanu ndi awiri, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 2. Chitsanzo chabwino cha omaliza maphunziro a URiM ali kusukulu ya zamankhwala.
Ambiri mwa anthu omwe atchulidwa kuti ndi zitsanzo ndi anthu ochokera m'miyoyo ya ophunzira omwe adamaliza maphunziro awo. Kuti tisiyanitse zitsanzo zimenezi ndi zitsanzo za kusukulu ya zachipatala, tinagawa zitsanzo m'magulu awiri: zitsanzo mkati mwa sukulu ya zachipatala (ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi akatswiri azaumoyo) ndi zitsanzo kunja kwa sukulu ya zachipatala (anthu odziwika bwino, odziwana nawo, achibale ndi ogwira ntchito zachipatala). Anthu mumakampani). Makolo).
Nthawi zonse, zitsanzo za omaliza maphunziro zimakhala zokongola chifukwa zimasonyeza zolinga, zolinga, miyambo ndi makhalidwe abwino a omaliza maphunzirowo. Mwachitsanzo, wophunzira wina wa zachipatala yemwe ankaona kuti kupereka nthawi kwa odwala n’kofunika kwambiri, ananena kuti dokotala ndi chitsanzo chake chifukwa anaona dokotala akupatsa odwala ake nthawi.
Kusanthula kwa zitsanzo za omaliza maphunziro kukuwonetsa kuti alibe chitsanzo chokwanira. M'malo mwake, amaphatikiza zinthu za anthu osiyanasiyana kuti apange zitsanzo zawozawo zapadera, zonga zongopeka. Ophunzira ena omwe adamaliza maphunziro awo amangotchula anthu ochepa ngati zitsanzo, koma ena a iwo amafotokoza momveka bwino, monga momwe tawonetsera m'mawu omwe ali pansipa.
"Ndikuganiza kuti pamapeto pake, anthu omwe mumawatsanzira ali ngati chithunzi cha anthu osiyanasiyana omwe mumakumana nawo" [R8].
"Ndikuganiza kuti pa maphunziro onse, mu internship iliyonse, ndimakumana ndi anthu omwe amandithandiza, ndinu aluso kwambiri pa zomwe mumachita, ndinu dokotala wabwino kwambiri kapena ndinu anthu abwino kwambiri, apo ayi ndikanakhala ngati munthu ngati inu kapena ndinu aluso kwambiri polimbana ndi thupi kotero kuti sindingathe kutchula m'modzi." [R6].
"Sizili ngati uli ndi chitsanzo chachikulu chokhala ndi dzina lomwe simudzaliiwala, zili ngati umaona madokotala ambiri ndikudzipangira chitsanzo chabwino." [R3]
Ophunzira adazindikira kufunika kwa kufanana pakati pa iwo ndi anthu omwe amawatsanzira. Pansipa pali chitsanzo cha wophunzira yemwe adavomereza kuti kufanana kwina ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakutsanzira.
Tapeza zitsanzo zingapo za kufanana komwe ophunzira akale adapeza kothandiza, monga kufanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, zokumana nazo pa moyo, miyambo ndi makhalidwe abwino, zolinga ndi zokhumba, ndi umunthu.
“Simuyenera kukhala ndi thupi lofanana ndi la chitsanzo chanu, koma muyenera kukhala ndi umunthu wofanana” [R2].
"Ndikuganiza kuti ndikofunikira kukhala ndi amuna kapena akazi ofanana ndi anthu omwe mumawatsanzira—akazi amandilimbikitsa kwambiri kuposa amuna" [R10].
Ophunzira omwe adamaliza maphunziro awo saona kuti fuko limodzi ndi lofanana ngati mtundu wina wofanana. Atafunsidwa za ubwino wowonjezera wokhala ndi fuko limodzi, ophunzirawo anali osasamala komanso ozemba. Amagogomezera kuti kudziwika ndi kufananiza anthu ndi chikhalidwe chawo kuli ndi maziko ofunikira kuposa fuko limodzi.
"Ndikuganiza kuti pamlingo wosazindikira zimathandiza ngati muli ndi munthu yemwe ali ndi mbiri yofanana: 'Zofanana zimakopa ngati.' Ngati muli ndi zomwezo, muli ndi zambiri zomwe mumagwirizana ndipo mwina mungakhale wamkulu. khulupirirani mawu a wina kapena khalani okondwa kwambiri. Koma ndikuganiza kuti sizili kanthu, chofunika ndi zomwe mukufuna kukwaniritsa pamoyo" [C3].
Ena mwa ophunzirawo anafotokoza phindu lowonjezera la kukhala ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha fuko lomwelo monga “kusonyeza kuti n’zotheka” kapena “kupereka chidaliro”:
"Zinthu zikanasiyana ngati dziko losakhala la Kumadzulo poyerekeza ndi mayiko a Kumadzulo, chifukwa zikusonyeza kuti n'zotheka." [R10]
Nthawi yotumizira: Novembala-03-2023