Kutengera chitsanzo ndi gawo lodziwika bwino la maphunziro azachipatala ndipo limalumikizidwa ndi zotulukapo zingapo zopindulitsa kwa ophunzira azachipatala, monga kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha akatswiri komanso kudzimva kuti ndi wofunika.Komabe, kwa ophunzira omwe samayimiriridwa kwambiri muzamankhwala ndi mtundu ndi mtundu (URiM), kuzindikirika ndi anthu omwe ali ndi zitsanzo zachipatala sikungakhale kodziwonetsera okha chifukwa sagawana mtundu wamba ngati maziko ofananiza anthu.Kafukufukuyu anali ndi cholinga chofuna kudziwa zambiri za zitsanzo za ophunzira a URIM kusukulu yazachipatala komanso kufunika kowonjezera kwa anthu oimirira.
M'kafukufuku wamakhalidwe abwinowa, tidagwiritsa ntchito njira yowunikira kuti tifufuze zomwe omaliza maphunziro a URiM ali ndi zitsanzo zamasukulu azachipatala.Tidachita zoyankhulana zosawerengeka ndi alumni 10 a URiM kuti tidziwe momwe amaonera anthu achitsanzo, omwe anali zitsanzo zawo panthawi ya maphunziro a zachipatala, komanso chifukwa chake amawaona anthuwa kukhala zitsanzo.Lingaliro lachidziwitso limatsimikizira mndandanda wamitu, mafunso oyankhulana, ndipo pamapeto pake ma code deductive a mzere woyamba wa zolemba.
Ophunzira adapatsidwa nthawi yoganizira za chitsanzo ndi omwe ali zitsanzo zawo.Kukhalapo kwa anthu achitsanzo sikunadzionetsere okha monga momwe anali asanaganizirepo kale, ndipo otenga nawo mbali adawoneka okayikakayika komanso osasamala pokambirana za anthu oimira zitsanzo.Pamapeto pake, ophunzira onse adasankha anthu angapo osati munthu m'modzi kukhala zitsanzo.Zitsanzo zimenezi zimagwira ntchito yosiyana: zitsanzo zochokera kusukulu zachipatala zakunja, monga makolo, amene amawalimbikitsa kugwira ntchito molimbika.Pali zitsanzo zochepa zachipatala zomwe zimakhala ngati zitsanzo za khalidwe laukatswiri.Kusowa koyimirira pakati pa mamembala sikusowa kwa anthu achitsanzo.
Kafukufukuyu akutipatsa njira zitatu zoganiziranso zitsanzo zamaphunziro azachipatala.Choyamba, ndizokhazikika pachikhalidwe: kukhala ndi chitsanzo sikudziwonetsera nokha monga momwe zilili m'mabuku omwe alipo okhudza zitsanzo, zomwe makamaka zimachokera ku kafukufuku wopangidwa ku United States.Chachiwiri, monga chidziwitso chazidziwitso: otenga nawo mbali adatsanzira, pomwe analibe chitsanzo chachipatala, koma amawona chitsanzocho ngati chithunzi cha zinthu zochokera kwa anthu osiyanasiyana.Chachitatu, anthu achitsanzo ali ndi makhalidwe abwino komanso ophiphiritsa, omalizawa ndi ofunika kwambiri kwa ophunzira a URIM chifukwa amadalira kwambiri kuyerekezera anthu.
Gulu la ophunzira m'masukulu azachipatala aku Dutch likuchulukirachulukira mosiyanasiyana [1, 2], koma ophunzira ochokera m'magulu ocheperako azachipatala (URiM) amalandila magiredi otsika kuposa mafuko ambiri [1, 3, 4].Kuphatikiza apo, ophunzira a URiM sangapite patsogolo kukhala zamankhwala (omwe amatchedwa "paipi yamankhwala otayikira" [5, 6]) ndipo amakumana ndi kusatsimikizika komanso kudzipatula [1, 3].Izi sizili za Netherlands zokha: zolembazo zimanena kuti ophunzira a URIM amakumana ndi mavuto ofanana m'madera ena a ku Ulaya [7, 8], Australia ndi USA [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14].
Mabuku a maphunziro a unamwino akuwonetsa njira zingapo zothandizira ophunzira a URIM, imodzi mwazomwe ndi "chitsanzo chowoneka bwino cha anthu ochepa" [15].Kwa ophunzira azachipatala ambiri, kuwonekera kwa anthu otengera chitsanzo kumayenderana ndi chitukuko cha akatswiri awo [16, 17], kudzimva kuti ndi ophunzira [18, 19], kuzindikira zamaphunziro obisika [20], ndi kusankha njira zamankhwala.kwa okhala [21,22,23,24].Pakati pa ophunzira a URIM makamaka, kusowa kwa zitsanzo nthawi zambiri kumatchulidwa ngati vuto kapena cholepheretsa kuchita bwino pamaphunziro [15, 23, 25, 26].
Poganizira zovuta zomwe ophunzira a URIM amakumana nazo komanso kufunika kwa anthu achitsanzo chabwino pothana ndi (zina) zovutazi, kafukufukuyu anali ndi cholinga chofuna kuzindikira zomwe ophunzira a URIM amakumana nazo komanso malingaliro awo okhudzana ndi zitsanzo zamasukulu azachipatala.Pochita izi, tikufuna kuphunzira zambiri za zitsanzo za ophunzira a URIM komanso phindu lowonjezera la anthu oyimira.
Kutengera chitsanzo kumaonedwa kuti ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yophunzirira maphunziro azachipatala [27, 28, 29].Zitsanzo ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zamphamvu kwambiri "zimalimbikitsa […] kudziwika kwa madokotala" ndipo, chifukwa chake, "maziko a chikhalidwe" [16].Amapereka "gwero la kuphunzira, kulimbikitsa, kudziyimira pawokha komanso chitsogozo cha ntchito" [30] ndikuthandizira kupeza chidziwitso chambiri komanso "kusuntha kuchokera kumalire kupita pakati pa anthu" omwe ophunzira ndi okhalamo akufuna kulowa nawo [16] .Ngati ophunzira azachipatala omwe amasiyana mitundu ndi mafuko sapeza zitsanzo kusukulu zachipatala, izi zitha kulepheretsa chitukuko chawo chaukadaulo.
Maphunziro ambiri a zitsanzo zachipatala apenda makhalidwe a aphunzitsi abwino a zachipatala, kutanthauza kuti mabokosi ambiri omwe dokotala amafufuza, amakhala ndi mwayi wopereka chitsanzo kwa ophunzira azachipatala [31,32,33,34].Chotsatira chake chakhala chidziwitso chodziwika bwino chokhudza aphunzitsi a zachipatala monga zitsanzo zamakhalidwe a luso lomwe limapezeka mwa kuyang'anitsitsa, kusiya mwayi wodziwa momwe ophunzira azachipatala amazindikirira zitsanzo zawo komanso chifukwa chake zitsanzo zili zofunika.
Akatswiri a maphunziro azachipatala amazindikira kwambiri kufunika kwa zitsanzo pakukula kwaukadaulo kwa ophunzira azachipatala.Kumvetsetsa mozama za njira zomwe zili pansi pa zitsanzo zimakhala zovuta chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mgwirizano pa matanthauzo ndi kusagwirizana kogwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe a maphunziro [35, 36], zotsatira zosiyana, njira, ndi nkhani [31, 37, 38].Komabe, zimavomerezedwa kuti mfundo ziwiri zazikuluzikulu zomvetsetsa momwe anthu amachitira chitsanzo ndizo kuphunzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso kuzindikira udindo [30].Choyamba, kuphunzira kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, kumachokera ku chiphunzitso cha Bandura kuti anthu amaphunzira kupyolera mu kuyang'ana ndi kutsanzira [36].Chachiwiri, chizindikiritso cha udindo, chimatanthawuza "kukopa kwa munthu kwa anthu omwe amawona kufanana nawo" [30].
Mu gawo lachitukuko cha ntchito, kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwachitika pofotokoza ndondomeko ya chitsanzo.Donald Gibson adasiyanitsa zitsanzo kuchokera ku mawu ogwirizana kwambiri komanso osinthika nthawi zambiri "chitsanzo cha machitidwe" ndi "wolangiza," kugawira zolinga zosiyanasiyana zachitukuko kwa zitsanzo zamakhalidwe ndi alangizi [30].Zitsanzo zamakhalidwe zimakhazikika pakuwona ndi kuphunzira, alangizi amadziwika ndi kutenga nawo mbali ndi kuyanjana, ndipo zitsanzo zimalimbikitsa kupyolera mu kuzindikira ndi kuyerekezera anthu.M'nkhaniyi, tasankha kugwiritsa ntchito (ndikukulitsa) tanthauzo la Gibson la chitsanzo: "kapangidwe kachidziwitso kotengera makhalidwe a anthu omwe ali ndi maudindo omwe munthu amakhulupirira kuti ali ofanana ndi iye, ndipo mwachiyembekezo akuwonjezeka adazindikira kufanana potengera izi" [30].Kutanthauzira uku kukuwonetsa kufunikira kwa kudziwika kwa anthu komanso kufanana komwe kumawoneka, zopinga ziwiri zomwe zingatheke kwa ophunzira a URIM kuti apeze zitsanzo.
Ophunzira a URiM akhoza kukhala osowa potanthauzira: chifukwa ali m'gulu la anthu ochepa, ali ndi "anthu ngati iwo" ochepa kusiyana ndi ophunzira ochepa, kotero kuti akhoza kukhala ndi zitsanzo zochepa.Zotsatira zake, "achinyamata ochepa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zitsanzo zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi zolinga zawo zantchito" [39].Kafukufuku wambiri akuwonetsa kuti kufanana kwa chiwerengero cha anthu (kugawana chikhalidwe, monga mtundu) kungakhale kofunika kwambiri kwa ophunzira a URIM kusiyana ndi ophunzira ambiri.Kufunika kowonjezera kwa zitsanzo zoyimilira kumawonekera koyamba ophunzira a URIM akaganiza zofunsira kusukulu ya zamankhwala: kufananiza anthu ndi anthu otengera chitsanzo kumawapangitsa kukhulupirira kuti "anthu okhala m'dera lawo" akhoza kuchita bwino [40].Nthawi zambiri, ophunzira ochepa omwe ali ndi chitsanzo chimodzi choyimira amawonetsa "kuchita bwino kwambiri pamaphunziro" kuposa ophunzira omwe alibe zitsanzo kapena zitsanzo zakunja [41].Ngakhale ophunzira ambiri mu sayansi, ukadaulo, uinjiniya, ndi masamu amalimbikitsidwa ndi anthu ochepa komanso ambiri omwe amatengera zitsanzo, ophunzira ochepa ali pachiwopsezo chotsutsidwa ndi anthu ambiri omwe amatengera chitsanzo [42].Kuperewera kwa kufanana pakati pa ophunzira ochepa ndi anthu omwe ali m'gulu la anthu omwe ali m'gulu lawo kumatanthauza kuti sangathe "kupatsa achinyamata chidziwitso chapadera chokhudza luso lawo monga mamembala a gulu linalake" [41].
Funso la kafukufukuyu linali lakuti: Kodi ndi anthu ati amene anali zitsanzo kwa omaliza maphunziro a URiM pa nthawi ya sukulu ya udokotala?Tigawa vutoli m'magawo otsatirawa:
Tidaganiza zopanga kafukufuku waukadaulo kuti tithandizire kufufuza kwa cholinga chathu chofufuza, chomwe chinali kudziwa zambiri za omwe adamaliza maphunziro a URiM ndi chifukwa chake anthuwa amakhala ngati zitsanzo.Njira yathu yowongolera malingaliro [43] choyamba imafotokoza malingaliro omwe amawonjezera chidwi popanga chidziwitso choyambirira ndi malingaliro omwe amakhudza malingaliro a ofufuza [44].Kutsatira Dorevaard [45], lingaliro lachidziwitso kenaka lidasankha mndandanda wamitu, mafunso oyankhulana opangidwa mwadongosolo komanso pomaliza ngati ma code deductive mugawo loyamba la zolemba.Mosiyana ndi kusanthula kosamalitsa kwa Dorevaard, tinalowa mu gawo la kusanthula kobwerezabwereza, ndikuwonjezera ma code deductive ndi ma code inductive data (onani Chithunzi 1. Framework for a concept-based study).
Kafukufukuyu adachitika pakati pa omaliza maphunziro a URiM ku University Medical Center Utrecht (UMC Utrecht) ku Netherlands.Utrecht University Medical Center ikuyerekeza kuti pakadali pano osakwana 20% a ophunzira azachipatala omwe si ochokera kumayiko akumadzulo.
Timatanthauzira omaliza maphunziro a URiM ngati omaliza maphunziro ochokera m'mitundu ikuluikulu yomwe idayimiriridwa mochepera ku Netherlands.Ngakhale kuti amavomereza kusiyana kwa mafuko, “kuchepa kwa mafuko m’masukulu azachipatala” kukadali mutu wamba.
Tinafunsa alumni osati ophunzira chifukwa alumni amatha kupereka malingaliro obwerera m'mbuyo omwe amawalola kulingalira zomwe adakumana nazo panthawi ya sukulu ya zachipatala, ndipo chifukwa salinso maphunziro, amatha kulankhula momasuka.Tinkafunanso kupewa kukakamiza ophunzira a URIM ku yunivesite yathu kuti achite nawo kafukufuku wokhudza ophunzira a URIM.Zochitika zatiphunzitsa kuti kukambirana ndi ophunzira a URIM kungakhale kovutirapo.Chifukwa chake, tidayika patsogolo zoyankhulana zotetezedwa komanso zachinsinsi za munthu aliyense payekhapayekha pomwe otenga nawo mbali amatha kulankhula momasuka pakupanga ma data atatu kudzera munjira zina monga magulu owunikira.
Chitsanzocho chinaimiridwa mofanana ndi amuna ndi akazi omwe adatenga nawo gawo kuchokera m'mafuko akuluakulu omwe kale anali ochepa ku Netherlands.Panthawi yofunsa mafunso, onse omwe adachita nawo maphunzirowa adamaliza maphunziro awo kusukulu ya zamankhwala pakati pa 1 ndi 15 zaka zapitazo ndipo pakadali pano anali okhala kapena amagwira ntchito ngati akatswiri azachipatala.
Pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo za chipale chofewa, wolemba woyamba adalumikizana ndi alumni 15 a URiM omwe sanagwirizanepo ndi UMC Utrecht kudzera pa imelo, 10 mwa iwo adavomera kufunsidwa mafunso.Kupeza anthu omaliza maphunziro kudera laling'ono lomwe kale anali okonzeka kutenga nawo gawo mu kafukufukuyu kunali kovuta.Omaliza maphunziro asanu adanena kuti sakufuna kufunsidwa mafunso ngati ang'onoang'ono.Wolemba woyamba adafunsa anthu payekhapayekha ku UMC Utrecht kapena kumalo antchito omaliza maphunziro.Mndandanda wamitu (onani Chithunzi 1: Kapangidwe Kakafukufuku Woyendetsedwa Ndi Lingaliro) idakonza zoyankhulana, ndikusiya mwayi kwa ophunzira kuti apange mitu yatsopano ndikufunsa mafunso.Kuyankhulana kunatenga pafupifupi mphindi makumi asanu ndi limodzi.
Tinafunsa ophunzira za zitsanzo zawo kumayambiriro kwa zoyankhulana zoyamba ndipo tinawona kuti kupezeka ndi kukambirana kwa anthu oimira oimira zitsanzo sizinawonekere ndipo zinali zovuta kwambiri kuposa momwe timayembekezera.Kumanga ubale ("gawo lofunika la zokambirana" lophatikizapo "kukhulupirira ndi kulemekeza wofunsidwa ndi zomwe akugawana") [46], tinawonjezera mutu wa "kudzifotokozera" kumayambiriro kwa zokambirana.Izi zidzalola kukambirana kwina ndikukhazikitsa malo omasuka pakati pa wofunsayo ndi munthu winayo tisanapite ku nkhani zovuta kwambiri.
Pambuyo pa zokambirana khumi, tinamaliza kusonkhanitsa deta.Kufufuza kwa kafukufukuyu kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kudziwa malo enieni a kuchuluka kwa deta.Komabe, chifukwa cha gawo lina la mitu yankhani, mayankho obwerezabwereza adawonekera kwa olemba omwe adafunsidwa koyambirira.Pambuyo pokambilana zoyankhulana zisanu ndi zitatu zoyamba ndi wolemba wachitatu ndi wachinayi, adaganiza zofunsanso mafunso awiri, koma izi sizinapereke malingaliro atsopano.Tinagwiritsa ntchito matepi omvera kuti tilembe zoyankhulazo liwu ndi liwu—zojambulazo sizinabwezedwe kwa otenga nawo mbali.
Otenga nawo mbali adapatsidwa mayina amtundu (R1 mpaka R10) kuti atchule zomwe zili.Zolemba zimawunikidwa m'magulu atatu:
Choyamba, tidakonza zowerengerazo ndi mutu wofunsa mafunso, zomwe zinali zosavuta chifukwa chidwi, mitu yofunsa mafunso, ndi mafunso oyankhulana anali ofanana.Izi zidapangitsa kuti magawo asanu ndi atatu azikhala ndi ndemanga za wophunzira aliyense pamutuwu.
Kenako timalemba ma data pogwiritsa ntchito ma code deductive.Deta yomwe siinagwirizane ndi ma code deductive adapatsidwa ma code inductive ndipo adadziwika ngati mitu yodziwika mu ndondomeko yobwerezabwereza [47] yomwe wolemba woyamba adakambirana za momwe akuyendera mlungu uliwonse ndi olemba achitatu ndi achinayi kwa miyezi ingapo.Pamisonkhanoyi, olembawo adakambirana zolemba zam'munda ndi milandu ya zolemba zosamveka bwino, komanso adaganiziranso za kusankha ma code inductive.Zotsatira zake, mitu itatu idatuluka: moyo wa ophunzira ndi kusamuka, kudziwika kwamitundu iwiri, komanso kusowa kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana m'sukulu zachipatala.
Pomaliza, tinafotokozera mwachidule zigawo zojambulidwa, kuwonjezera mawu, ndikuzikonza motsatira mfundo.Chotsatira chake chinali ndemanga yatsatanetsatane yomwe inatilola kupeza njira zoyankhira mafunso athu ang'onoang'ono: Kodi otenga nawo mbali amazindikira bwanji zitsanzo, omwe anali zitsanzo zawo kusukulu ya zachipatala, ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani anthuwa anali zitsanzo zawo?Ophunzira sanapereke ndemanga pazotsatira za kafukufukuyu.
Tinafunsa anthu 10 omaliza maphunziro a URiM ku sukulu ya zachipatala ku Netherlands kuti aphunzire zambiri za zitsanzo zawo panthawi ya sukulu ya zachipatala.Zotsatira za kusanthula kwathu zimagawidwa m'mitu itatu (tanthauzo lachitsanzo, zitsanzo zodziwika, ndi luso lachitsanzo).
Zinthu zitatu zodziwika bwino pakutanthauzira kwa munthu wachitsanzo ndizo: kufananiza anthu (njira yopezera kufanana pakati pa munthu ndi anthu omwe amatengera chitsanzo chawo), kusilira (kulemekeza wina), ndi kutsanzira (chikhumbo chotengera kapena kukhala ndi khalidwe linalake). ).kapena luso)).Pansipa pali mawu omwe ali ndi zinthu zosilira ndi kutsanzira.
Chachiwiri, tidapeza kuti onse omwe adatenga nawo gawo adafotokoza mbali zowoneka bwino komanso zamphamvu zotsatsira chitsanzo.Izi zikufotokoza kuti anthu alibe chitsanzo chokhazikika, koma anthu osiyanasiyana amakhala ndi zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana nthawi zosiyanasiyana.M'munsimu muli mawu ochokera kwa m'modzi mwa anthu omwe akufotokoza momwe anthu otengera chitsanzo amasinthira pamene munthu akukula.
Palibe ndi mmodzi yemwe womaliza maphunziro amene angaganize mwamsanga za chitsanzo.Popenda mayankho a funso lakuti “Kodi anthu amene mumatengera chitsanzo chanu ndi ndani?”, tinapeza zifukwa zitatu zimene zimawavutira kutchula anthu otengera chitsanzo chawo.Chifukwa choyamba chimene ambiri a iwo amapereka n’chakuti sanaganizirepo za anthu amene amatengera chitsanzo chawo.
Chifukwa chachiwiri chomwe otenga nawo mbali adawonera chinali chakuti mawu oti "chitsanzo chabwino" samafanana ndi momwe ena amawaonera.Ophunzira angapo adalongosola kuti chizindikiro cha "chitsanzo" ndi chachikulu kwambiri ndipo sichigwira ntchito kwa aliyense chifukwa palibe amene ali wangwiro.
"Ndikuganiza kuti ndi waku America kwambiri, zimakhala ngati, 'Izi ndi zomwe ndikufuna kukhala.Ndikufuna kukhala Bill Gates, ndikufuna kukhala Steve Jobs.[…] Chifukwa chake, kunena zoona, ndinalibe chitsanzo chodzitukumula” [R3].
"Ndimakumbukira kuti panthawi ya maphunziro anga panali anthu angapo omwe ndinkafuna kuti ndifanane nawo, koma sizinali choncho: anali zitsanzo" [R7].
Chifukwa chachitatu ndi chakuti otenga nawo mbali adafotokoza za kutengera chitsanzo ngati njira yodziwikiratu m'malo mongosankha mwachidwi kapena mwachidziwitso chomwe angachiganizire mosavuta.
"Ndikuganiza kuti ndi chinthu chomwe umalimbana nacho mosazindikira.Sizili ngati, "Ichi ndiye chitsanzo changa ndipo ndi chomwe ndikufuna kukhala," koma ndikuganiza mosadziwa mumatengera anthu ena ochita bwino.Chikoka”.[R3] .
Ophunzira anali okonzeka kukambirana zitsanzo zoipa kusiyana ndi kukambirana zitsanzo zabwino ndi kugawana zitsanzo za madokotala omwe sangafune kukhala.
Pambuyo pokayikakayika koyamba, alumni adatchula anthu angapo omwe angakhale zitsanzo kusukulu ya zamankhwala.Tinawagawa m'magulu asanu ndi awiri, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 2. Chitsanzo cha omaliza maphunziro a URiM pa sukulu ya zachipatala.
Ambiri mwa anthu odziwika bwino ndi anthu ochokera m'miyoyo ya alumni.Kuti tisiyanitse zitsanzo izi ndi zitsanzo za kusukulu zachipatala, tinagawa zitsanzo m'magulu awiri: zitsanzo mkati mwa sukulu ya zachipatala (ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi akatswiri a zaumoyo) ndi zitsanzo za kunja kwa sukulu ya zachipatala (ziwerengero za anthu, odziwa nawo , banja ndi akatswiri a zaumoyo). ogwira ntchito zachipatala).anthu mu bizinesi).makolo).
Nthawi zonse, zitsanzo za omaliza maphunziro zimakhala zokopa chifukwa zimawonetsa zolinga za omaliza maphunziro awo, zokhumba zawo, zikhalidwe ndi zomwe amakonda.Mwachitsanzo, wophunzira wina wa zachipatala amene anaona kuti n’kofunika kwambiri kupeza nthaŵi yocheza ndi odwala ananena kuti dokotala ndiye chitsanzo chake chifukwa anaona dokotala akupatula nthaŵi yocheza ndi odwala ake.
Kupenda zitsanzo za omaliza maphunziro kumasonyeza kuti alibe chitsanzo chokwanira.M'malo mwake, amaphatikiza zinthu za anthu osiyanasiyana kuti apange zitsanzo zawozawo zapadera, zongoyerekeza.Omaliza maphunziro ena amangonena za izi potchula anthu ochepa ngati zitsanzo, koma ena amafotokoza momveka bwino, monga momwe zasonyezedwera m'mawu omwe ali pansipa.
"Ndikuganiza kuti kumapeto kwa tsiku, zitsanzo zanu zili ngati zithunzi za anthu osiyanasiyana omwe mumakumana nawo" [R8].
"Ndikuganiza kuti m'maphunziro aliwonse, pamaphunziro aliwonse, ndimakumana ndi anthu omwe amandithandizira, ndinu odziwa bwino zomwe mumachita, ndinu dokotala wamkulu kapena ndinu anthu Akuluakulu, apo ayi ndikanakhala ngati inu kapena inu. amalimbana bwino ndi thupi moti sindingathe kutchulapo imodzi.”[R6].
"Sizili ngati uli ndi chitsanzo chachikulu chokhala ndi dzina lomwe sudzaiwala, zimakhala ngati muwona madotolo ambiri ndikudzipangira nokha chitsanzo chabwino."[R3]
Ophunzirawo adazindikira kufunika kwa kufanana pakati pawo ndi zitsanzo zawo.Pansipa pali chitsanzo cha wophunzira yemwe adavomereza kuti kufanana kwina ndi gawo lofunikira la chitsanzo.
Tinapeza zitsanzo zingapo zofananira zomwe alumni adapeza zothandiza, monga kufanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, zochitika pamoyo, zikhalidwe ndi zikhalidwe, zolinga ndi zokhumba, ndi umunthu.
“Simuyenera kukhala wofanana ndi wachitsanzo chanu, koma muyenera kukhala ndi umunthu wofananawo” [R2].
"Ndikuganiza kuti ndikofunikira kukhala ngati amuna ndi akazi omwe amatengera chitsanzo chanu-akazi amandilimbikitsa kwambiri kuposa amuna" [R10].
Omaliza maphunzirowo samawona mtundu wamba ngati mawonekedwe ofanana.Atafunsidwa za ubwino wowonjezereka wa kugawana chikhalidwe chofanana, otenga nawo mbali sanafune komanso amazemba.Iwo akugogomezera kuti kudziwika ndi kufananitsa anthu ali ndi maziko ofunika kwambiri kuposa mafuko omwe amagawana nawo.
"Ndikuganiza kuti pamlingo wosadziwika bwino zimathandiza ngati muli ndi wina yemwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chofanana: 'Monga amakopa ngati.'Ngati inunso mumakumana ndi zinthu zofanana, mumafanana kwambiri ndipo mwina mudzakhala aakulu.tengani mawu a wina kapena khalani okondwa kwambiri.Koma ndikuganiza kuti zilibe kanthu, chofunikira ndi zomwe mukufuna kukwaniritsa m'moyo "[C3].
Ena adafotokoza phindu lowonjezera lokhala ndi chitsanzo chamtundu womwewo monga "kuwonetsa kuti ndi zotheka" kapena "kupereka chidaliro":
"Zinthu zitha kukhala zosiyana ngati akanakhala dziko losakhala la azungu poyerekeza ndi mayiko akumadzulo, chifukwa zikuwonetsa kuti ndizotheka."[R10]
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-03-2023