Kulengeza zaluso ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino chamaphunziro azachipatala ndipo zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zotsatira zingapo zopindulitsa kwa ophunzira azachipatala, monga kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko chaukadaulo ndi malingaliro a. Komabe, kwa ophunzira omwe ali oyambitsidwa ndi mtundu ndi fuko (Urimu), kuzindikira ndi magulu azachipatala sangakhale odziwonekera chifukwa samagawana mitundu yofananirako. Kafukufukuyu cholinga chofuna kuphunzira zambiri za Urim ophunzira ali ndi mu sukulu ya zamankhwala komanso kufunika kowonjezera zitsanzo zitsanzo.
Pakuwerenga Tinachita zokambirana zosankhidwa za Semi ndi 10 Urinji Aluni kuti tidziwe za malingaliro awo a zitsanzo, omwe zitsanzo zawo zomwe zili mu sukulu ya zamankhwala, komanso chifukwa chake amaganizira anthu awa kukhala zitsanzo. Malingaliro okhumudwa adatsimikiza mndandanda wa mitu, mafunso ofunsana, ndipo pamapeto pake amachotsa manambala oyamba oyambira.
Ophunzira adapatsidwa nthawi yoganizira za omwe ali ndi zitsanzo komanso omwe zitsanzo zawo ndi. Kukhalapo kwa zitsanzo zosagwirizana sikunadzionekere chifukwa sanaganizirepo za izi, ndipo ophunzira adawonekera kuti amakambirane zitsanzo zoyimira anthu oimira. Pamapeto pake, onse omwe amatenga nawo mbali amasankha anthu ambiri m'malo mongotengera zitsanzo. Anthu okonda izi amatumikira ntchito ina: Atsogoleri awa ali kunja kwa kunja kwa sukulu ya zamankhwala, monga makolo, omwe amawalimbikitsa kuti agwire ntchito molimbika. Pali zitsanzo zochepa zamankhwala zomwe zimagwira ntchito monga zitsanzo za machitidwe. Kupanda mawonekedwe pakati pa mamembala sikusowa zitsanzo.
Kafukufukuyu amatipatsa njira zitatu zosonyezera zitsanzo zamaphunziro azachipatala. Choyamba, ndizosankhidwa mwachindunji: Kukhala ndi chitsanzo chabwino sikudziwonekera monga momwe zilili m'mabuku omwe alipo kale, komwe kumadalira kafukufuku yemwe adachitika ku United States. Chachiwiri, monga mawonekedwe anzeru: Ophunzira adachitapo kanthu posonyeza kusankha, momwe sanakhalire ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri, koma m'malo mwake adaona chitsanzo cha anthu ochokera kwa anthu osiyanasiyana. Chachitatu, zitsanzo za kuchuluka sizimangokhala pamakhalidwe okha komanso chofanizira, omalizirayo amakhala wofunikira kwambiri kuti Urim ayerekeze anthu.
Gulu la ophunzira achi Dutch akuchulukirachulukira [1, 2] Kuphatikiza apo, Urim Ophunzira sakhala ndi mwayi woti "wotchedwa" mankhwala otanuma "[5, 6]) Ndipo amakhala ndi kusatsimikizika komanso kudzipatula [1, 3]. Zolemba izi sizosiyana ndi Netherlands: Mabuku akuti Urim Ophunzira amakumananso ndi mavuto enanso kudera lina ku Europe [7,], Australia ndi USA [9, 10, 14].
Mabuku ophunzitsira a unamwino amawonetsa kulowererapo zingapo kuti athandizire ku Urim Ophunzira, chimodzi mwazomwe ndi "chowoneka chochepera" [15]. Kwa ophunzira azachipatala onse, omwe akhudzidwa ndi zitsanzo amagwirizanitsidwa ndi chitukuko cha chilengedwe chawo ([Chithunzi patsamba 18] zokhalamo (21,22, 23,24]. Pakati pa Urim ophunzira makamaka, kusowa kwa zitsanzo nthawi zambiri kumatchulidwa ngati vuto kapena cholepheretsa kupeza bwino maphunziro [15, 26].
Popeza kuti zovuta zomwe Urim asukulu zimakumana komanso kufunikira kwa zitsanzo za anthu omwe akuthana nawo. Mukuchita izi, tikufuna kudziwa zambiri za zitsanzo za anthu a Urim ndi mtengo wowonjezera wa oimira.
Kufalikira kwa gawo kumawonedwa ngati njira yofunika yophunzirira kuchipatala [27, 28, [27, 29]. Zitsanzo Zabwino ndi imodzi mwazinthu zamphamvu kwambiri "zomwe zimawalimbikitsa [...] Amatipatsa "zolimbikitsa, kudzipereka, kuwongolera kokha" [30] . Ngati ndalama zam'mankhwala komanso kusokonekera kwambiri sizingapezeke zitsanzo za sukulu zamankhwala, izi zingalepheretse chitukuko chawo.
Maphunziro ambiri azachipatala asintha mikhalidwe yabwino ya aphunzitsi abwino, kutanthauza kuti mabokosi kwambiri a dokotala, yemwe angakhale ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwa ophunzira a zamankhwala [31,32,33). Zotsatira zake zakhala zolongosola kwambiri za ophunzitsa azachipatala ngati maluso a maluso omwe mwapezedwa, kusiya mwayi wodziwa zitsanzo za momwe ophunzira amagwirira ntchito zofunika.
Ophunzira acipatala amazindikira kufunika kokhala ndi zitsanzo zamachitidwe aophunzila zamankhwala. Kumvetsetsa mwakuya za machitidwe omwe ali ndi zitsanzo ndizovuta chifukwa chosagwirizana ndi matanthauzidwe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mosiyanasiyana. Komabe, ambiri amavomereza kuti zinthu ziwiri zazikuluzi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zimvetsetse bwino ndizofunikira kuphunzira komanso kuzindikira [30]. Ophunzira oyamba, ophunzirira anthu, amatengera chiphunzitso cha Basara kuti anthu amaphunzira kudzera pakuwona ndi kutsanzira [36]. Chachiwiri, chizindikiritso, chimanena za "kukopa kwa munthu kwa anthu omwe amawazindikira kuti palinso" [30 30].
Pakuyenda kwa chitukuko cha ntchito, kupita patsogolo kwambiri kwachitika pofotokoza njira yotsatsirana. Donald Gibson wodziwika bwino wokhudzana ndi mawu ogwirizana kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri amasinthana "ndi" othandizira "ndi" othandizira "kupatsa zolinga zosiyanasiyana kuzinthu zamakhalidwe ndi alangizi [30]. Mitundu yamakhalidwe imayesedwa kuti awonetsetse chidwi komanso kuphunzira, alangizi amadziwika ndi kutenga nawo mbali komanso kuyanjana, ndipo zitsanzo zowongolera zimalimbikitsana ndi kuyerekezera. Munkhaniyi, tasankha kugwiritsa ntchito (ndikupanga) Tanthauzo la Munthu Wofunika Kwambiri: Kuzindikira kufanana kwa kufanana kwake ndi kutengera izi "[30]. Tanthauzo ili likuwonetsa kufunikira kwa chizindikiritso cha anthu komanso kuzindikira kufanana kwake, zopinga ziwiri zomwe zingachitike kwa ophunzira a Urim pakupeza zitsanzo.
Uriri Ophunzira atha kusokonezedwa ndi tanthauzo: chifukwa ndi a gulu laling'ono, ali ndi "anthu onga iwo" kuposa ophunzira ochepa, motero amatha kukhala ndi zitsanzo zochepa. Zotsatira zake, "unyamata waung'ono nthawi zambiri umatha kukhala ndi zitsanzo zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi zolinga zawo za ntchito" [39]. Kafukufuku ambiri amati kufanana kwa anthu (kudziwika kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu) kungakhale kofunikira kwambiri kwa Uri Ophunzira kuposa ophunzira ambiri. Ubwino wowonjezera wa oyimira pawokha pakuwonekera pamene Urima adaganizira za kugwiritsa ntchito kwa sukulu ya zamankhwala: Kuyerekezera anthu oyimilirawo kumawalimbikitsa kuti "anthu akhale malo awo". Mwambiri, ophunzira ochepa omwe ali ndi chithunzi choyimira chimodzi chowonetsa "njira zapamwamba kwambiri" kuposa ophunzira omwe alibe zitsanzo kapena zitsanzo zokha [41]. Ngakhale ophunzira ambiri mu sayansi, ukadaulo, ukadaulo, ndi masamu, ndi zitsanzo zochepa komanso zikuluzikulu, ophunzira ochepa ali pachiwopsezo chokhala ndi zitsanzo zazikulu [42]. Kuperewera kwa ophunzira ochepa komanso zitsanzo za gulu lamagulu kumatanthauza kuti sangathe "kupereka chidziwitso cha zomwe angathe kuti azithana ndi mavuto.
Funso lofufuzira la phunziroli linali: Kodi ndi anthu ati omwe anali omaliza maphunziro a Urimu pasukulu ya zamankhwala? Tidzagawana vutoli m'mphepete zotsatirazi:
Tinaganiza zothandizira kuti aziphunzira bwino kwambiri kuti atipatse chidwi cha cholinga chathu, chomwe chinali kuphunzira zambiri zomwe Uriri omaliza maphunziro ndi chifukwa chake anthuwa amagwira ntchito monga zitsanzo. Njira Yathu Yotsimikizika Yathu Yotsimikizika [43] imafotokoza zomwe zikuwonjezera chidwi popanga chidziwitso ndi malingaliro owoneka bwino ndi mawonekedwe anzeru omwe amakopa ofufuzawo [44]. Pambuyo pa Atrevaard [45], lingaliro la chidwi la chidwi kenako ndikutsimikiza mndandanda wa mitu, mafunso kwa zoyankhulana zosankhidwa pang'ono ndipo pamapeto pake ndi ma manambala oyambira mu gawo loyamba la malo oyambira. Mosiyana ndi kuwunika koyenera kwa ochitaponda, tidalowa gawo la kusanthula, kukwaniritsa zigawo zotsalazo ndi ma code a deta (onani chithunzi 1.
Phunziroli lidachitika pakati pa Urimu omaliza maphunziro ku University Medical Westrecht (UMC Utacht) ku Netherlands. Makina a Mediyu University University omwe ali ndi zaka zosakwana 20% ya ophunzira azachipatala ndi omwe alibe chiyambi cha chakumadzulo.
Titanthauzira Urimu omaliza maphunziro monga omaliza maphunziro akuluakulu omwe akhazikitsidwa ku Netherlands. Ngakhale kuvomerezana mafuko awo osiyanasiyana, "kuwonongeka kwa mayiko, m'masukulu azachipatala" amakhalanso ndi mutu wankhani.
Tidafunsa alumni m'malo mophunzira chifukwa Alumni angapereke malingaliro omwe amawathandiza kuona zomwe akumana nazo pasukulu ya zamankhwala, komanso chifukwa samalankhulanso momasuka. Tinkafunanso kupewa kuyika zinthu zambiri zofunika kwambiri pa Urim Ophunzira ku yunivesite yathu malinga ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa Urim Ophunzira. Zomwe zakhala zikutiphunzitsa kuti kukambirana ndi Uridi ophunzira kumatha kukhala womvera kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, tinayamba kuyankhulana momasuka komanso mwachinsinsi komwe ophunzira amatha kuyankhula momasuka kwambiri kudzera mu njira zina monga momwe magulu amawonera.
Chitsanzo chimayimiriridwanso ndi omwe achinyamata ndi achikazi amapita kumitundu ikuluikulu yakale ku Netherlands. Pa nthawi yofunsidwa, ophunzira onse adamaliza maphunziro azachipatala pakati pa 1 ndi 15 zaka zapitazo ndipo pakadali pano amakhala nzika kapena kugwira ntchito ngati akatswiri azachipatala.
Pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a chipale chofewa, wolemba woyamba adalumikizana ndi 15 Urinji alumni yemwe sanagwirizane ndi Umc Utrecht ndi imelo, 10 mwa omwe adavomera kufunsidwa. Kupeza Omaliza Maphunziro Amgulu Ang'onoang'ono kale Kufunitsitsa kutenga nawo mbali phunziroli kunali kovuta. Omaliza maphunziro asanu adanena kuti safuna kufunsidwa ngati ochepa. Wolemba woyamba adakumana ndi zoyankhulana pa UMC Utacht kapena paofesi ya Omaliza Maphunziro. Mndandanda wa Mitu (Onani Chithunzi 1: Kapangidwe kake kake ka kafukufuku) adakhazikitsa zoyankhulana, kusiya zokambirana, kusiya mwayi kwa ophunzira kuti apange mitu yatsopano ndikufunsa mafunso. Mafunso omwe amakhala pafupifupi mphindi makumi asanu ndi limodzi.
Tidafunsa ophunzira za zomwe amatenga kumayambiriro kwa zoyankhulana zoyambirira ndipo tidawona kuti kupezeka ndi zokambirana za oimira sikunadzionekere ndipo kunali kosangalatsa kuposa momwe timayembekezera. Kuti mumange rapport ("gawo lofunikira la kuyankhulana" kokhudza "kudalirana ndi kulemekeza" zomwe akugawana ") [46], tidafotokoza zoyambirira za kuyankhulana. Izi zimalola kuyankhulana kwinaku ndikupanga malo omasuka pakati pa wofunsayo ndi mnzake tisanapite kumitu yovuta kwambiri.
Pambuyo mafunso khumi, tidamaliza kusonkhanitsa deta. Zowunikira za kafukufukuyu zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kudziwa nthawi yeniyeni yotalika deta. Komabe, chifukwa chotsatira mndandanda wa mitu, mayankho obwerezabwereza adawonekeranso ku olemba omwe amafunsidwa kumayambiriro. Pambuyo pokambirana mafunso asanu ndi atatu oyamba ndi olemba achitatu ndi anayi, adasankha kuchititsa zofunsana zina ziwiri, koma izi sizinapatse malingaliro aliwonse. Tinagwiritsa ntchito zojambulidwa kuti tilembe zofunsa mafunso - zojambulidwazo sizinabwezeretsedwe kwa omwe atenga nawo mbali.
Ophunzira adapatsidwa mayina a code (R1 mpaka R10) ku PseudSansize Data. Zolemba zimasanthula m'mizere itatu:
Choyamba, tinakhazikitsa deta pokambirana nkhani yofunsidwa, yomwe inali yosavuta chifukwa chidwi, kuyankhula mafunso, komanso mafunso ofunsa mafunso anali ofanana. Izi zidabweretsa magawo asanu ndi atatu omwe ali ndi zomwe aliyense ali naye pamutuwu.
Kenako tinali kufotokozera deta pogwiritsa ntchito manambala. Zambiri zomwe sizinakwaniritse ma code odzipereka adatumizidwa ku zikwangwani zokongoletsera ndikuwona monga momwe wolemba woyamba adafotokozera mogwirizana ndi olemba achitatu ndi anayi oposa miyezi ingapo. Pamisonkhanoyi, alembi adakambirana za zolemba zamunda ndi milandu yovomerezeka, komanso momwe zimawonekeranso nkhani zosankhira ma code and. Zotsatira zake, mitu itatu idatulukira: Wophunzira moyo ndi kusamutsidwa, kudziwika ku chizindikiritso, komanso kusowa kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ku sukulu yachipatala.
Pomaliza, tinafotokoza mwachidule zigawo, zowonjezera, komanso kuzikonzanso. Zotsatira zake zidawunikidwe mwatsatanetsatane zomwe adatipempha kuti tipeze njira zoyankhira mafunso athu: Kodi ophunzirawa amawadziwa bwanji zitsanzo za sukulu ya zamankhwala, ndipo chifukwa chiyani anthuwa anali zitsanzo zawo? Ophunzirawo sanapereke ndemanga pazotsatira.
Tinacheza ndi anthu 10 Urimu kuchokera ku sukulu yachipatala ku Netherlands kuti aphunzire zambiri za zomwe ali nazo pasukulu ya zamankhwala. Zotsatira zakusanthula kwathu zimagawidwa m'mitu itatu (tanthauzo lalikulu, ndi magwiridwe odziwika, komanso magwiridwe a zitsanzo zitsanzo).
Zinthu zitatu zodziwika bwino kwambiri m'matanthauzidwe ndi: kuyerekezera kwa anthu (njira yopezera kufanana pakati pa munthu ndi zitsanzo zawo), ndi kutsanzira winawake), ndi kutsanzira. ). kapena maluso)). Pansipa pali mawu omwe ali ndi zinthu zosirira komanso kutsanzira.
Chachiwiri, tawona kuti onse ophunzira adafotokoza mbali zamphamvu komanso mwamphamvu zatsanzitso. Izi zimafotokoza kuti anthu alibe chitsanzo chimodzi, koma anthu osiyanasiyana amakhala ndi zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Pansipa pali cholembera kuchokera kwa m'modzi mwa omwe atenga nawo mbali pofotokoza momwe zitsanzo zimasinthira momwe munthu amakhalira.
Palibe maphunziro angapo omwe angaganize za chitsanzo. Mukamawerenga funso loti "Kodi ndi zitsanzo zanji?", Tapeza zifukwa zitatu zosonyezera zovuta zomwe zimawakhudza Cholinga choyamba a iwo omwe amapereka ndikuti sanaganizepo za omwe zitsanzo zawo zili.
Chifukwa chachiwiri chomwe ophunzirawo adadzinenera chinali chakuti mawu oti "chitsanzo" sichinafanane momwe ena adawadziwira. Alumni angapo adalongosola kuti cholembera "champhamvu" ndi chokwanira kwambiri ndipo sichikugwira ntchito kwa wina aliyense chifukwa palibe amene ali wangwiro.
"Ndikuganiza kuti ndi America kwambiri, zimakhala ngati, 'izi ndi zomwe ndikufuna kukhala. Ndikufuna kukhala Bill Bill, ndikufuna kukhala a Steve Jobs. [...] Chifukwa chake, kunena zoona, ndinalibe chitsanzo chabwino "[r3].
"Ndikukumbukira kuti ndikapatsidwa mwayi wangapo anthu angapo omwe ndimafuna kuti ndikhale ngati, koma sizinali choncho: Ndinali zitsanzo" [R7].
Chifukwa chachitatu ndikuti ophunzira afotokozere za gawo lokhala ndi chidwi osati lingaliro lozindikira kuti angaganize mosavuta.
"Ndikuganiza kuti ndichinthu chomwe mumachita ndi chikumbumtima. Sizifanana, "Uwu ndi chitsanzo changa ndipo izi ndi zomwe ndikufuna kukhala," koma ndikuganiza mopusa zomwe mwachita chidwi ndi anthu ena opambana. Kukopa ". [R3].
Ophunzira anali ochulukirapo kuti akambirane mitundu yolakwika kuposa kukambirana zitsanzo zabwino ndi kuuza ena zitsanzo za madokotala zomwe safuna kukhala.
Pambuyo pa kuzengereza kwina, Alumni adatcha anthu angapo omwe angakhale zitsanzo za sukulu yachipatala. Tinawagawa m'magulu asanu ndi awiri, monga tikuonera Chithunzi 2. Zitsanzo Zabwino za Urimu omaliza maphunziro pasukulu ya zamankhwala.
Ambiri mwa omwe ali ndi zitsanzo zodziwika ndi anthu ochokera ku miyoyo ya alumni. Kusiyanitsa zitsanzozi kuchokera ku maphunziro a sukulu zamankhwala, tidagawanitsa zitsanzo m'magulu awiri: Ophunzira, ndi Amisonkhano, ndi Omwe Ali Nawo, Amkulu Komanso ogwira ntchito zaumoyo). anthu omwe ali m'mafakitale). makolo).
Nthawi zonse, anthu omaliza maphunziro amakhala okongola chifukwa amawonetsa zolinga za omaliza maphunziro awo, zokhumba, zikhalidwe ndi malingaliro. Mwachitsanzo, wophunzira wina wazachipatala amene anaika nthawi yayitali pakupeza nthawi yopeza dokotala monga momwe alili wachitsanzo chabwino chifukwa amawona adotolo akumapeza nthawi yopanga nthawi kwa odwala ake.
Kusanthula kwa Omaliza Maphunziro kumawonetsa kuti alibe chitsanzo kwambiri. M'malo mwake, amaphatikiza zinthu za anthu osiyanasiyana kuti apange mitundu yawo yapadera, yopanda zolinga. Ena alumndi amangonena za izi potchula anthu ochepa monga zitsanzo, koma ena mwa iwo amafotokoza momveka bwino, monga zikuwonekera m'mawu omwe ali pansipa.
"Ndikuganiza kumapeto kwa tsikulo, zitsanzo zanu ndi zitsanzo za anthu osiyanasiyana omwe mumakumana nawo" [r8].
"Ndimaganiza kuti nthawi zonse, pamaphunziro aliwonse, ndidakumana ndi anthu omwe amandichirikiza, ndiwe wabwino kwambiri pazomwe mumachita, ndiwe dokotala wamkulu kapena ndiwe munthu wonga inu kapena inu ndizabwino kwambiri kuti sindingathe kutchula dzina. " [R6].
"Zili ngati muli ndi chitsanzo chachikulu chokhala ndi dzina lomwe simudzaiwala, zili ngati mukuwona madokotala ambiri ndikukhazikitsa chitsanzo chabwino." [R3]
Ophunzira adazindikira kufunika kwa kufanana pakati pawo ndi kukhala zitsanzo zawo. Pansipa pali zitsanzo za omwe nawonso omwe adagwirizana ndi omwe amafanana ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri.
Tinapeza zitsanzo zingapo za kufanana komwe Alumni adapeza zothandiza, monganso monga jenda, zokumana nazo m'moyo, zikhalidwe ndi zikhulupiriro, ndi zokhumba, ndi zokhumba, ndi zokhumba, ndi zokhumba.
"Simuyenera kukhala ofanana ndi chitsanzo chanu, koma muyenera kukhala ndi umunthu wofananayo" [R2].
"Ndikuganiza kuti ndikofunikira kukhala jenda yomweyo monga zitsanzo zanu zachitsanzo zomwe zimandikhudza kuposa amuna" [R10].
Omaliza maphunzirowo saganizira mtundu wamba monga momwe kufananako. Atafunsidwa za phindu lowonjezerapo anthu wamba, ophunzira sanazengereze. Amagogomezera kuti kufananako ndi kufanana pakati pa anthu kuli ndi maziko ofunikira kwambiri kuposa zotsatirazi.
"Ndikuganiza kuti pamlingo woona umakuthandizani ngati muli ndi munthu yemwe ali ndi vuto lofananalo: 'ngati zokopa ngati.' Ngati muli ndi zomwezi, mumakhala ofanana ndipo mukukula. Tengani mawu a munthu wina kuti azikhala ndi chidwi. Koma ndikuganiza zilibe kanthu, ndi zinthu ziti zomwe mukufuna kukwaniritsa m'moyo "[C3].
Ena atenga nawo mbali adafotokoza za kufunika kokhala ndi chitsanzo cha fuko lomwelo monga "kuwonetsa kuti ndizotheka" kapena "Kulimbikitsa":
Zinthu zitha kukhala zosiyana ngati kuti ndi dziko lomwe silinazungulire ndi mayiko akumadzulo, chifukwa zikuwonetsa kuti ndizotheka. " [R10]
Post Nthawi: Nov-03-2023