Rui Diogo sagwira ntchito, sagawana nawo, kapena kulandira ndalama kuchokera ku kampani kapena bungwe lililonse lomwe lingapindule ndi nkhaniyi, ndipo alibe chonena kupatula udindo wake wamaphunziro. Mabungwe ena ogwirizana nawo.
Tsankho la anthu ndi kusankhana mitundu lakhala likufalikira kwambiri kuyambira pachiyambi cha ulimi, pamene anthu anayamba kukhala pamalo amodzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Asayansi oyambirira akumadzulo, monga Aristotle ku Greece wakale, anaphunzitsidwa za tsankho la mafuko ndi kusankhana mitundu komwe kunafalikira m'madera awo. Patatha zaka zoposa 2,000 kuchokera pamene Aristotle anagwira ntchito, katswiri wa zachilengedwe wa ku Britain Charles Darwin nayenso anawonjezera malingaliro okhudza kusankhana mitundu komanso kusankhana mitundu omwe anamva ndi kuwerenga ali mwana kudziko lachilengedwe.
Darwin adapereka tsankho lake ngati mfundo yasayansi, mwachitsanzo m'buku lake la 1871 lakuti The Descent of Man, momwe adafotokozera chikhulupiriro chake chakuti amuna anali apamwamba kuposa akazi mwachisinthiko, kuti Azungu anali apamwamba kuposa omwe si Azungu, kuti maudindo, chitukuko cha dongosolo chinali bwino kuposa magulu ang'onoang'ono ofanana. Ngakhale kuti amaphunzitsidwabe m'masukulu ndi m'nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale za mbiri yakale masiku ano, adatsutsa kuti "zokongoletsera zoyipa komanso nyimbo zoyipa zomwe anthu ambiri amalambira" sizinasinthe kwambiri monga nyama zina, monga mbalame, ndipo sizikanasintha kwambiri monga nyama zina, monga nyani wa New World Pithecia satanas.
Buku lakuti The Descent of Man linafalitsidwa panthawi ya chipwirikiti cha anthu ku Ulaya. Ku France, gulu la ogwira ntchito ku Paris Commune linapita m'misewu kukafuna kusintha kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, kuphatikizapo kugwetsa ulamuliro wa anthu. Mtsutso wa Darwin wakuti ukapolo wa anthu osauka, omwe si a ku Ulaya, ndi akazi unali chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa chisinthiko unali nyimbo zomwe anthu apamwamba komanso omwe ali ndi mphamvu m'magulu asayansi ankamvetsera. Wolemba mbiri ya sayansi Janet Brown analemba kuti kukwera kwa Darwin kwa anthu a ku Victoria kunali chifukwa chachikulu cha zolemba zake, osati zolemba zake za tsankho komanso zachiwerewere.
Sizodabwitsa kuti Darwin anaikidwa maliro a boma ku Westminster Abbey, chizindikiro cholemekezeka cha mphamvu ya Britain ndipo anakondweretsedwa poyera ngati chizindikiro cha "kupambana kwa Britain padziko lonse lapansi pa ulamuliro wautali wa Victoria."
Ngakhale kusintha kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu m'zaka 150 zapitazi, mawu onyoza amuna ndi akazi komanso osankhana mitundu akadali ofala mu sayansi, zamankhwala, ndi maphunziro. Monga pulofesa komanso wofufuza ku Howard University, ndikufuna kuphatikiza magawo anga akuluakulu ophunzirira—biology ndi anthropology—kuti ndikambirane nkhani zazikulu za chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mu kafukufuku amene ndinasindikiza posachedwapa ndi mnzanga Fatima Jackson ndi ophunzira atatu azachipatala ku Howard, tikuwonetsa kuti chilankhulo chonyoza amuna ndi akazi sichinthu chakale: chimapezekabe m'nkhani zasayansi, mabuku ophunzirira, nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale, ndi zipangizo zophunzitsira.
Chitsanzo cha tsankho lomwe lilipobe m'gulu la asayansi masiku ano ndichakuti nkhani zambiri za kusintha kwa anthu zimanena kuti anthu amasintha kuchokera ku anthu akhungu lakuda, "osakalamba" kupita ku anthu akhungu loyera, "otsogola". Nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale zachilengedwe, mawebusayiti, ndi malo osungira zinthu zakale a UNESCO zikusonyeza izi.
Ngakhale kuti mafotokozedwe awa sakugwirizana ndi mfundo zasayansi, izi sizimaletsa kuti apitirize kufalikira. Masiku ano, pafupifupi 11% ya anthu ndi "oyera," kutanthauza, aku Europe. Zithunzi zomwe zikuwonetsa kusintha kwa mtundu wa khungu sizikuwonetsa bwino mbiri ya kusintha kwa anthu kapena mawonekedwe a anthu masiku ano. Kuphatikiza apo, palibe umboni wasayansi wosonyeza kuwala pang'onopang'ono kwa khungu. Mtundu wa khungu lopepuka unayamba makamaka m'magulu ochepa omwe anasamukira kumadera akunja kwa Africa, m'malo okwera kapena otsika, monga North America, Europe, ndi Asia.
Nkhani zosonyeza chiwerewere zikufalikirabe m'masukulu. Mwachitsanzo, mu pepala la 2021 lonena za mafupa odziwika bwino a anthu omwe adapezeka pamalo ofukula zinthu zakale ku Mapiri a Atapuerca ku Spain, ofufuza adafufuza mafupa a mafupawo ndipo adapeza kuti kwenikweni anali a mwana wazaka zapakati pa 9 ndi 11. Mafupa a mtsikana. Mafupawo ankaganiziridwa kale kuti ndi a mnyamata chifukwa cha buku logulitsidwa kwambiri mu 2002 lolembedwa ndi katswiri wa zamoyo zakale José María Bermúdez de Castro, m'modzi mwa olemba pepalalo. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndichakuti olemba kafukufukuyu adavomereza kuti panalibe maziko asayansi ozindikiritsa mafupawo ngati aamuna. Chisankhocho "chinapangidwa mwangozi," adalemba.
Koma chisankhochi sichili "chosachitika mwachisawawa." Nkhani za kusintha kwa anthu nthawi zambiri zimakhala za amuna okha. M'zochitika zochepa zomwe akazi amawonetsedwa, nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa ngati amayi osachitapo kanthu m'malo mwa opanga zinthu zatsopano, ojambula m'mapanga, kapena osonkhanitsa chakudya, ngakhale umboni wa chikhalidwe cha anthu wosonyeza kuti akazi akale analidi choncho.
Chitsanzo china cha nkhani zosonyeza chiwerewere mu sayansi ndi momwe ofufuza amapitirizira kukambirana za kusintha "kodabwitsa" kwa kugonana kwa akazi. Darwin adapanga nkhani ya momwe akazi adasinthira kukhala "amanyazi" komanso osachita zachiwerewere, ngakhale adavomereza kuti m'mitundu yambiri ya nyama zoyamwitsa, akazi amasankha akazi awo mwachangu. Monga wa ku Victorian, adapeza zovuta kuvomereza kuti akazi amatha kutenga nawo mbali posankha akazi, kotero adakhulupirira kuti udindowu unali wa akazi koyambirira kwa kusintha kwa anthu. Malinga ndi Darwin, amuna pambuyo pake adayamba kusankha akazi mwa kugonana.
Anthu okonda kugonana amanena kuti akazi ndi “amanyazi” komanso “osakonda kugonana,” kuphatikizapo lingaliro lakuti kugonana kwa akazi ndi chinsinsi chosinthika, akutsutsidwa ndi umboni wochuluka. Mwachitsanzo, akazi amakhala ndi kugonana kangapo nthawi zambiri kuposa amuna, ndipo kugonana kwawo, pafupifupi, kumakhala kovuta kwambiri, kovuta kwambiri, komanso kolimba kwambiri. Akazi samakhala ndi chilakolako chogonana mwachibadwa, koma malingaliro olakwika okhudza kugonana amavomerezedwa ngati mfundo yasayansi.
Zipangizo zophunzitsira, kuphatikizapo mabuku ndi ma atlase a anatomy omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ophunzira asayansi ndi azachipatala, zimathandiza kwambiri pakupititsa patsogolo malingaliro omwe ali kale. Mwachitsanzo, buku la Netter's Atlas of Human Anatomy lomwe lidasindikizidwa mu 2017, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi ophunzira azachipatala ndi azachipatala, lili ndi zithunzi pafupifupi 180 za mtundu wa khungu. Mwa izi, zambiri zinali za amuna akhungu loyera, ndipo awiri okha ndi omwe akuwonetsa anthu okhala ndi khungu "lakuda". Izi zikulimbikitsa lingaliro lowonetsa amuna oyera ngati zitsanzo za anatomy ya anthu, kulephera kuwonetsa kusiyanasiyana konse kwa anatomy ya anthu.
Olemba mabuku ophunzitsira ana amabwerezanso tsankho limeneli m'mabuku asayansi, m'nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale, ndi m'mabuku ophunzirira. Mwachitsanzo, chikuto cha buku la mtundu la 2016 lotchedwa "The Evolution of Creatures" chikuwonetsa kusintha kwa anthu m'njira yolunjika: kuyambira zolengedwa "zosatha" zokhala ndi khungu lakuda mpaka ku Azungu "otukuka". Kuphunzitsa kumeneku kumachitika pamene ana omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mabukuwa akukhala asayansi, atolankhani, oyang'anira nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale, andale, olemba, kapena ojambula zithunzi.
Chizindikiro chachikulu cha tsankho la anthu ndi kusankhana mitundu ndi chakuti anthuwa amapitirizabe mosadziwa chifukwa cha anthu omwe nthawi zambiri sadziwa kuti nkhani zawo ndi zisankho zawo ndi zokondera. Asayansi amatha kuthana ndi tsankho la anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana, kusankhana mitundu, komanso kusankhana mitundu kwa nthawi yayitali mwa kukhala maso komanso kuchitapo kanthu pozindikira ndikukonza zinthu zomwe zikuwakhudza pantchito yawo. Kulola nkhani zolakwika kuti zipitirire kufalikira mu sayansi, zamankhwala, maphunziro, ndi ma TV sikuti kumangolimbikitsa nkhani zimenezi kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo, komanso kumalimbitsa tsankho, kuponderezana, ndi nkhanza zomwe adazilungamitsa kale.
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-11-2024