Pali kufunika kwakukulu kwa maphunziro ozikidwa pa ophunzira (SCL) m'masukulu apamwamba, kuphatikizapo mano. Komabe, SCL ili ndi ntchito yochepa pa maphunziro a mano. Chifukwa chake, kafukufukuyu cholinga chake ndi kulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito SCL mu mano pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa makina ophunzirira (ML) kuti afotokoze njira yophunzirira yomwe ophunzira a mano amasankha komanso njira zophunzirira zofanana (IS) angagwiritse ntchito ngati chida chothandiza popanga malangizo a IS. Njira zabwino kwa ophunzira a mano.
Ophunzira a mano okwana 255 ochokera ku yunivesite ya Malaya adamaliza mafunso osinthidwa a Index of Learning Styles (m-ILS), omwe anali ndi zinthu 44 zowagawa m'magulu awo a LS. Deta yosonkhanitsidwa (yotchedwa deta) imagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira mtengo wosankha kuti igwirizane ndi njira zophunzirira za ophunzira ndi IS yoyenera kwambiri. Kenako kulondola kwa chida cholimbikitsira cha IS chochokera ku makina ophunzirira kumayesedwa.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya mtengo wosankha mu njira yodziwira yokha pakati pa LS (input) ndi IS (target output) kumalola mndandanda wanthawi yomweyo wa njira zoyenera zophunzirira kwa wophunzira aliyense wa mano. Chida cholangizira cha IS chinawonetsa kulondola kwangwiro komanso kukumbukira kulondola kwa mtundu wonse, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kufananiza LS ndi IS kuli ndi kukhudzika kwabwino komanso kulunjika.
Chida cholangizira cha IS chozikidwa pa mtengo wa zisankho za ML chatsimikizira kuthekera kwake kogwirizanitsa molondola njira zophunzirira za ophunzira a mano ndi njira zoyenera zophunzirira. Chida ichi chimapereka njira zamphamvu zokonzekera maphunziro kapena ma module ozikidwa pa ophunzira omwe angathandize ophunzira kuphunzira.
Kuphunzitsa ndi kuphunzira ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'mabungwe ophunzitsa. Popanga njira yophunzitsira yaukadaulo yapamwamba, ndikofunikira kuyang'ana kwambiri zosowa za ophunzira. Kuyanjana pakati pa ophunzira ndi malo ophunzirira kungadziwike kudzera mu LS yawo. Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti kusagwirizana komwe aphunzitsi amafuna pakati pa LS ndi IS ya ophunzira kungakhale ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa pa kuphunzira kwa ophunzira, monga kuchepa kwa chidwi ndi chilimbikitso. Izi zidzakhudza momwe ophunzira amagwirira ntchito [1,2].
IS ndi njira yomwe aphunzitsi amagwiritsa ntchito pophunzitsa ophunzira chidziwitso ndi luso, kuphatikizapo kuthandiza ophunzira kuphunzira [3]. Kawirikawiri, aphunzitsi abwino amakonza njira zophunzitsira kapena IS zomwe zimagwirizana bwino ndi kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso cha ophunzira awo, malingaliro omwe akuphunzira, ndi gawo lawo lophunzirira. Mwachidziwitso, pamene LS ndi IS zikugwirizana, ophunzira azitha kukonza ndikugwiritsa ntchito luso linalake kuti aphunzire bwino. Kawirikawiri, dongosolo la phunziro limaphatikizapo kusintha kangapo pakati pa magawo, monga kuyambira pa kuphunzitsa kupita ku machitidwe otsogozedwa kapena kuchoka pa machitidwe otsogozedwa kupita ku machitidwe odziyimira pawokha. Poganizira izi, aphunzitsi ogwira mtima nthawi zambiri amakonza maphunziro ndi cholinga chomanga chidziwitso ndi luso la ophunzira [4].
Kufunika kwa SCL kukukulirakulira m'masukulu apamwamba, kuphatikizapo mano. Njira za SCL zimapangidwa kuti zikwaniritse zosowa za ophunzira pakuphunzira. Izi zitha kuchitika, mwachitsanzo, ngati ophunzira atenga nawo mbali pazochitika zophunzirira ndipo aphunzitsi akuchita ngati otsogolera ndipo ali ndi udindo wopereka ndemanga zothandiza. Akuti kupereka zipangizo zophunzirira ndi zochitika zomwe zikugwirizana ndi msinkhu wa maphunziro a ophunzira kapena zomwe amakonda kungathandize kukonza malo ophunzirira a ophunzira ndikulimbikitsa zokumana nazo zabwino zophunzirira [5].
Kawirikawiri, njira yophunzirira ya ophunzira a mano imakhudzidwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zachipatala zomwe amafunika kuchita komanso malo azachipatala omwe amakulitsa luso lothandizana ndi anthu. Cholinga cha maphunzirowa ndikuthandiza ophunzira kuphatikiza chidziwitso choyambira cha mano ndi luso lachipatala la mano ndikugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chomwe apeza pazochitika zatsopano zachipatala [6, 7]. Kafukufuku woyambirira pa ubale pakati pa LS ndi IS adapeza kuti kusintha njira zophunzirira zomwe zafotokozedwa ku LS yomwe imakonda kungathandize kukonza njira yophunzirira [8]. Olembawo akulimbikitsanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zophunzitsira ndi kuwunika kuti zigwirizane ndi kuphunzira ndi zosowa za ophunzira.
Aphunzitsi amapindula pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha LS kuti awathandize kupanga, kupanga, ndikugwiritsa ntchito malangizo omwe angathandize ophunzira kupeza chidziwitso chozama komanso kumvetsetsa nkhaniyo. Ofufuza apanga zida zingapo zoyesera LS, monga Kolb Experiential Learning Model, Felder-Silverman Learning Style Model (FSLSM), ndi Fleming VAK/VARK Model [5, 9, 10]. Malinga ndi mabuku, mitundu yophunzirira iyi ndi mitundu yophunzirira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso yophunziridwa kwambiri. Mu kafukufuku wapano, FSLSM imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa LS pakati pa ophunzira a mano.
FSLSM ndi chitsanzo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyesa kuphunzira kosinthika mu uinjiniya. Pali ntchito zambiri zofalitsidwa mu sayansi yazaumoyo (kuphatikiza zamankhwala, unamwino, mankhwala ndi mano) zomwe zingapezeke pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya FSLM [5, 11, 12, 13]. Chida chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa miyeso ya LS mu FLSM chimatchedwa Index of Learning Styles (ILS) [8], chomwe chili ndi zinthu 44 zomwe zimayesa miyeso inayi ya LS: kukonza (kogwira ntchito/kowunikira), kuzindikira (kozindikira/kozindikira), kulowetsa (kowoneka). /pakamwa) ndi kumvetsetsa (kotsatizana/padziko lonse) [14].
Monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 1, gawo lililonse la FSLSM lili ndi zomwe amakonda kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu gawo lokonzekera, ophunzira omwe ali ndi LS "yogwira ntchito" amakonda kukonza chidziwitso mwa kuyanjana mwachindunji ndi zida zophunzirira, kuphunzira mwa kuchita, ndikuphunzira m'magulu. LS "yowunikira" imatanthawuza kuphunzira kudzera mu kuganiza ndipo amakonda kugwira ntchito yokha. Gawo la "kuzindikira" la LS lingagawidwe kukhala "kumva" ndi / kapena "chidziwitso." Ophunzira "omvera" amakonda chidziwitso chokhazikika komanso njira zothandiza, amaganizira zenizeni poyerekeza ndi ophunzira "ozindikira" omwe amakonda zinthu zosamveka ndipo ali ndi luso komanso luso lapadera. Gawo la "zolowera" la LS limaphatikizapo ophunzira "owona" ndi "olankhula". Anthu omwe ali ndi LS "yowoneka" amakonda kuphunzira kudzera mu zowonetsera zowoneka (monga zithunzi, makanema, kapena zowonetsera zamoyo), pomwe anthu omwe ali ndi LS "yolankhula" amakonda kuphunzira kudzera m'mawu ofotokozera olembedwa kapena olankhulidwa. Kuti "amvetse" magawo a LS, ophunzira oterewa akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu "otsatizana" ndi "apadziko lonse lapansi". "Ophunzira otsatirana amakonda njira yoganizira molunjika ndipo amaphunzira pang'onopang'ono, pomwe ophunzira apadziko lonse lapansi amakonda kukhala ndi njira yoganizira mozama ndipo nthawi zonse amamvetsetsa bwino zomwe akuphunzira."
Posachedwapa, ofufuza ambiri ayamba kufufuza njira zopezera deta yokha, kuphatikizapo kupanga ma algorithms atsopano ndi mitundu yomwe imatha kutanthauzira deta yambiri [15, 16]. Kutengera deta yomwe yaperekedwa, ML yoyang'aniridwa (machine learning) imatha kupanga mapangidwe ndi malingaliro omwe amaneneratu zotsatira zamtsogolo kutengera kapangidwe ka ma algorithms [17]. Mwachidule, njira zoyang'aniridwa zophunzirira makina zimayendetsa deta yolowera ndikuphunzitsa ma algorithms. Kenako imapanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe imagawa kapena kulosera zotsatira kutengera zochitika zofanana ndi deta yolowera yomwe yaperekedwa. Ubwino waukulu wa ma algorithms oyang'aniridwa ophunzirira makina ndi kuthekera kwake kukhazikitsa zotsatira zabwino komanso zomwe mukufuna [17].
Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendetsera deta komanso njira zowongolera mitengo yosankha, kuzindikira kokha kwa LS n'kotheka. Mitengo yosankha yanenedwa kuti imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mapulogalamu ophunzitsira m'magawo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo sayansi yazaumoyo [18, 19]. Mu kafukufukuyu, chitsanzochi chinaphunzitsidwa makamaka ndi opanga makina kuti adziwe LS ya ophunzira ndikuwapatsa malangizo a IS abwino kwambiri.
Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu ndikupanga njira zoperekera IS kutengera LS ya ophunzira ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira ya SCL popanga chida cholimbikitsa cha IS chomwe chili ndi LS. Kapangidwe ka chida cholimbikitsa cha IS ngati njira ya njira ya SCL kakuwonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 1. Chida cholimbikitsa cha IS chagawidwa m'magawo awiri, kuphatikiza njira yogawa LS pogwiritsa ntchito ILS ndi chiwonetsero choyenera kwambiri cha IS kwa ophunzira.
Makamaka, makhalidwe a zida zolimbikitsira chitetezo cha chidziwitso ndi monga kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa pa intaneti komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira yophunzirira makina opangira zisankho. Opanga makina amawongolera zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito akumana nazo komanso kuyenda kwawo mwa kuwasintha kuti azigwirizana ndi mafoni am'manja monga mafoni am'manja ndi mapiritsi.
Kuyeseraku kunachitika m'magawo awiri ndipo ophunzira ochokera ku Faculty of Dentistry ku University of Malaya adachita nawo modzipereka. Ophunzirawo adayankha ku m-ILS ya wophunzira wa mano pa intaneti mu Chingerezi. Mu gawo loyamba, deta ya ophunzira 50 idagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa njira yophunzirira makina a mtengo wosankha. Mu gawo lachiwiri la njira yopangira, deta ya ophunzira 255 idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ikonze kulondola kwa chida chomwe chapangidwacho.
Ophunzira onse amalandira chidziwitso pa intaneti kumayambiriro kwa gawo lililonse, kutengera chaka chamaphunziro, kudzera mu Microsoft Teams. Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu chinafotokozedwa ndipo chilolezo chinapezedwa. Ophunzira onse anapatsidwa ulalo wopezera m-ILS. Wophunzira aliyense analangizidwa kuyankha zinthu zonse 44 zomwe zili pafunsoli. Anapatsidwa sabata imodzi kuti amalize ILS yosinthidwa panthawi ndi malo omwe ali oyenera panthawi yopuma ya semesita isanayambe semesita. M-ILS imachokera ku chida choyambirira cha ILS ndipo inasinthidwa kwa ophunzira a mano. Mofanana ndi ILS yoyambirira, ili ndi zinthu 44 zogawidwa mofanana (a, b), ndi zinthu 11 chilichonse, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mbali iliyonse ya gawo la FSLSM.
Pa nthawi yoyamba yopanga zida, ofufuzawo adalemba mamapuwo pamanja pogwiritsa ntchito deta ya ophunzira 50 a mano. Malinga ndi FSLM, dongosololi limapereka mayankho onse a "a" ndi "b". Pa gawo lililonse, ngati wophunzirayo asankha "a" ngati yankho, LS imagawidwa ngati Yogwira Ntchito/Yozindikira/Yowona/Yotsatizana, ndipo ngati wophunzirayo asankha "b" ngati yankho, wophunzirayo amagawidwa ngati Wowunikira/Wozindikira/Wolankhula Chilankhulo.
Pambuyo poyesa momwe ntchito ikuyendera pakati pa ofufuza maphunziro a mano ndi opanga makina, mafunso adasankhidwa kutengera gawo la FLSSM ndipo adayikidwa mu chitsanzo cha ML kuti alosere LS ya wophunzira aliyense. "Zinyalala mkati, zinyalala kunja" ndi mwambi wotchuka m'munda wa kuphunzira makina, womwe umagogomezera kwambiri mtundu wa deta. Ubwino wa deta yolowera umatsimikiza kulondola ndi kulondola kwa chitsanzo cha kuphunzira makina. Panthawi ya gawo la uinjiniya wa mawonekedwe, gulu latsopano la mawonekedwe limapangidwa lomwe ndi kuchuluka kwa mayankho "a" ndi "b" kutengera FLSSM. Manambala ozindikiritsa malo a mankhwala aperekedwa mu Gome 1.
Werengerani zigoli kutengera mayankho ndikupeza LS ya wophunzirayo. Kwa wophunzira aliyense, zigolizo zimayambira pa 1 mpaka 11. Zigolizo kuyambira 1 mpaka 3 zimasonyeza kulinganiza kwa zomwe amakonda kuphunzira mkati mwa gawo lomwelo, ndipo zigoli kuyambira 5 mpaka 7 zimasonyeza zomwe amakonda pang'ono, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti ophunzira amakonda malo amodzi pophunzitsa ena. Kusiyana kwina pa gawo lomwelo ndi kwakuti zigoli kuyambira 9 mpaka 11 zimasonyeza zomwe amakonda kwambiri mbali imodzi kapena ina [8].
Pa gawo lililonse, mankhwala adagawidwa m'magulu a "yogwira ntchito", "yowunikira" ndi "yolinganizika". Mwachitsanzo, wophunzira akayankha "a" nthawi zambiri kuposa "b" pa chinthu chosankhidwa ndipo zigoli zake zidapitirira malire a 5 pa chinthu china chomwe chikuyimira gawo la Processing LS, iye ndi wa gawo la "yogwira ntchito" la LS. Komabe, ophunzira adagawidwa ngati "yowunikira" LS pamene adasankha "b" kuposa "a" m'mafunso 11 enieni (Table 1) ndipo adapeza mfundo zoposa 5. Pomaliza, wophunzirayo ali mu "kufanana." Ngati zigoli sizidutsa mfundo 5, ndiye kuti iyi ndi "njira" ya LS. Njira yogawa idabwerezedwanso pazigawo zina za LS, zomwe ndi kuzindikira (kogwira ntchito/kowunikira), kulowetsa (zowoneka/zolankhula), ndi kumvetsetsa (zotsatizana/padziko lonse).
Mitundu ya mtengo wa zisankho ingagwiritse ntchito magawo osiyanasiyana a zinthu ndi malamulo a zisankho pa magawo osiyanasiyana a njira yogawa magawo. Imaonedwa ngati chida chodziwika bwino chogawa magawo ndi kuneneratu. Ikhoza kuimiridwa pogwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe ka mtengo monga tchati [20], momwe muli ma node amkati omwe akuyimira mayeso ndi khalidwe, nthambi iliyonse ikuyimira zotsatira za mayeso, ndi node iliyonse ya tsamba (node ya tsamba) yokhala ndi chizindikiro cha kalasi.
Pulogalamu yosavuta yozikidwa pa malamulo idapangidwa kuti ipange ma score ndi kulemba zolemba za LS za wophunzira aliyense kutengera mayankho awo. Kuzikidwa pa malamulo kumatenga mawonekedwe a IF statement, pomwe "NGATI" imafotokoza choyambitsa ndipo "NDIYE" imafotokoza zomwe ziyenera kuchitika, mwachitsanzo: "Ngati X ichitika, ndiye chitani Y" (Liu et al., 2014). Ngati deta ikuwonetsa mgwirizano ndipo chitsanzo cha mtengo wa zisankho chaphunzitsidwa bwino ndikuwunikidwa, njira iyi ikhoza kukhala njira yothandiza yodziwira njira yofananira LS ndi IS.
Mu gawo lachiwiri la chitukuko, deta idakulitsidwa kufika pa 255 kuti ikonze kulondola kwa chida cholangizira. Deta yagawidwa mu chiŵerengero cha 1:4. 25% (64) ya deta idagwiritsidwa ntchito pa seti yoyesera, ndipo 75% yotsala (191) idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati seti yophunzitsira (Chithunzi 2). Deta iyenera kugawidwa kuti chitsanzocho chisaphunzitsidwe ndikuyesedwa pa seti yomweyo ya deta, zomwe zingapangitse chitsanzocho kukumbukira m'malo mophunzira. Chitsanzocho chimaphunzitsidwa pa seti yophunzitsira ndipo chimawunika momwe chikuyendera pa seti yoyesera—deta yomwe chitsanzocho sichinawonepo kale.
Chida cha IS chikapangidwa, pulogalamuyi idzatha kugawa LS kutengera mayankho a ophunzira a mano kudzera pa intaneti. Dongosolo la chida cholimbikitsira chitetezo cha chidziwitso chochokera pa intaneti limapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo cha pulogalamu ya Python pogwiritsa ntchito chimango cha Django ngati backend. Gome 2 limalemba malaibulale omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga dongosololi.
Deta imaperekedwa ku chitsanzo cha mtengo wa zisankho kuti iwerengere ndikuchotsa mayankho a ophunzira kuti azitha kugawa muyeso wa LS wa ophunzira okha.
Matrix yosokoneza imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kulondola kwa njira yophunzirira makina yopangira zisankho pa seti ya deta yoperekedwa. Nthawi yomweyo, imayesa magwiridwe antchito a chitsanzo chogawa. Imafupikitsa zomwe zanenedweratu ndi chitsanzocho ndikuziyerekeza ndi zilembo zenizeni za deta. Zotsatira zowunikira zimachokera pamitundu inayi yosiyana: True Positive (TP) - chitsanzocho chinaneneratu bwino gulu labwino, False Positive (FP) - chitsanzocho chinaneneratu bwino gulu labwino, koma chizindikiro chenicheni chinali choipa, True Negative (TN) - chitsanzocho chinaneneratu molondola gulu loipa, ndi false negative (FN) - Chitsanzocho chimaneneratu bwino gulu loipa, koma chizindikiro chenicheni ndi chabwino.
Ma mtengo awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya magwiridwe antchito a chitsanzo cha scikit-learn mu Python, monga kulondola, kulondola, kukumbukira, ndi chigoli cha F1. Nazi zitsanzo:
Kukumbukira (kapena kukhudzidwa) kumayesa luso la chitsanzo chogawa molondola LS ya wophunzira akayankha mafunso a m-ILS.
Kufotokozera bwino kumatchedwa chiŵerengero chenicheni cha negative. Monga momwe mukuonera kuchokera pa fomula yomwe ili pamwambapa, ichi chiyenera kukhala chiŵerengero cha negative yeniyeni (TN) ku negative yeniyeni ndi zabwino zabodza (FP). Monga gawo la chida chovomerezeka chogawa mankhwala osokoneza bongo a ophunzira, chiyenera kukhala chokhoza kuzindikira molondola.
Seti yoyambirira ya ophunzira 50 omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa chitsanzo cha mtengo wosankha wa ML idawonetsa kulondola kochepa chifukwa cha zolakwika za anthu muzolemba (Table 3). Pambuyo popanga pulogalamu yosavuta yokhazikika pamalamulo kuti iwerengere zokha zigoli za LS ndi zolembera za ophunzira, kuchuluka kwa zolembera (255) kudagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa ndikuyesa njira yolangizira.
Mu matrix ya chisokonezo cha magulu ambiri, zinthu zozungulira zikuyimira chiwerengero cha maulosi olondola a mtundu uliwonse wa LS (Chithunzi 4). Pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha mtengo wosankha, zitsanzo zonse 64 zinanenedweratu molondola. Chifukwa chake, mu kafukufukuyu, zinthu zozungulira zikuwonetsa zotsatira zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti chitsanzocho chimachita bwino ndipo chimaneneratu molondola chizindikiro cha kalasi pa gulu lililonse la LS. Chifukwa chake, kulondola konse kwa chida cholangizira ndi 100%.
Makhalidwe a kulondola, kulondola, kukumbukira, ndi chigoli cha F1 akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 5. Pa dongosolo lolimbikitsa pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha mtengo wosankha, chigoli chake cha F1 ndi 1.0 "changwiro," kusonyeza kulondola kwangwiro ndi kukumbukira, kuwonetsa kukhudzidwa kwakukulu ndi kutsimikizika.
Chithunzi 6 chikuwonetsa chithunzi cha mtengo wosankha pambuyo poti maphunziro ndi mayeso atsirizidwa. Poyerekeza mbali ndi mbali, mtengo wosankha wophunzitsidwa wokhala ndi zinthu zochepa unawonetsa kulondola kwakukulu komanso kuwonetsa mosavuta kwa mtunduwo. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti ukadaulo wazinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zichepetse ndi gawo lofunikira pakukweza magwiridwe antchito a mtunduwo.
Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yowunikira yoyang'aniridwa ndi mtengo wa zisankho, kupanga mapu pakati pa LS (input) ndi IS (target output) kumachitika zokha ndipo kumakhala ndi zambiri mwatsatanetsatane za LS iliyonse.
Zotsatira zake zasonyeza kuti 34.9% mwa ophunzira 255 adasankha njira imodzi (1) ya LS. Ambiri (54.3%) anali ndi zokonda ziwiri kapena kuposerapo za LS. 12.2% ya ophunzira adazindikira kuti LS ndi yolinganizika bwino (Table 4). Kuphatikiza pa LS zazikulu zisanu ndi zitatu, pali mitundu 34 yosakanikirana ya LS ya ophunzira a mano aku University of Malaya. Pakati pawo, kuzindikira, kuwona, ndi kuphatikiza kwa kuzindikira ndi kuwona ndi LS yayikulu yomwe ophunzira adalemba (Chithunzi 7).
Monga momwe taonera pa Table 4, ophunzira ambiri anali ndi mphamvu yaikulu ya kumva (13.7%) kapena kuona (8.6%). Zinanenedwa kuti 12.2% ya ophunzira anaphatikiza kuzindikira ndi kuona (kuona-kuona LS). Zomwe zapezekazi zikusonyeza kuti ophunzira amakonda kuphunzira ndi kukumbukira kudzera m'njira zodziwika bwino, kutsatira njira zenizeni komanso zatsatanetsatane, komanso amakhala osamala kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, amasangalala kuphunzira poyang'ana (pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi, ndi zina zotero) ndipo amakonda kukambirana ndikugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso m'magulu kapena paokha.
Kafukufukuyu akupereka chithunzithunzi cha njira zophunzirira makina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza deta, poyang'ana kwambiri kulosera nthawi yomweyo komanso molondola za LS ya ophunzira ndikupereka malingaliro oyenera a IS. Kugwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha mtengo wosankha kunazindikira zinthu zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi moyo wawo komanso zomwe adakumana nazo pamaphunziro. Ndi njira yoyang'aniridwa yophunzirira makina yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe ka mtengo kugawa deta pogawa deta m'magulu ang'onoang'ono kutengera zofunikira zina. Imagwira ntchito pogawa deta yolowera mobwerezabwereza m'magulu ang'onoang'ono kutengera kufunika kwa chimodzi mwa zinthu zolowera za node iliyonse yamkati mpaka chisankho chitapangidwa pa node ya tsamba.
Ma node amkati mwa mtengo wosankha akuyimira yankho kutengera mawonekedwe olowera a vuto la m-ILS, ndipo ma node a masamba akuyimira kulosera komaliza kwa gulu la LS. Mu kafukufukuyu, n'zosavuta kumvetsetsa momwe mitengo yosankha imafotokozera ndikuwona njira yosankha poyang'ana ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa mawonekedwe olowera ndi kulosera kwa zotuluka.
M'magawo a sayansi ya makompyuta ndi uinjiniya, ma algorithm ophunzirira makina amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kulosera momwe ophunzira amagwirira ntchito kutengera zigoli zawo zolowera mayeso [21], zambiri za anthu, ndi machitidwe ophunzirira [22]. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti algorithmyo inalosera molondola momwe ophunzira amagwirira ntchito ndipo inawathandiza kuzindikira ophunzira omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha zovuta zamaphunziro.
Kugwiritsa ntchito ma algorithm a ML popanga ma simulator a odwala enieni ophunzitsira mano kwanenedwa. Choyesererachi chimatha kubwereza molondola momwe odwala enieni amayankhira ndipo chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuphunzitsa ophunzira a mano pamalo otetezeka komanso olamulidwa [23]. Kafukufuku wina angapo akuwonetsa kuti ma algorithm ophunzirira makina amatha kupititsa patsogolo ubwino ndi magwiridwe antchito a maphunziro a mano ndi azachipatala komanso chisamaliro cha odwala. Ma algorithm ophunzirira makina agwiritsidwa ntchito pothandiza kuzindikira matenda a mano kutengera deta monga zizindikiro ndi makhalidwe a wodwala [24, 25]. Pomwe maphunziro ena afufuza kugwiritsa ntchito ma algorithm ophunzirira makina kuti achite ntchito monga kulosera zotsatira za wodwala, kuzindikira odwala omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu, kupanga mapulani ochiritsira payekha [26], chithandizo cha mano [27], ndi chithandizo cha caries [25].
Ngakhale malipoti okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito makina ophunzirira mano afalitsidwa, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake pa maphunziro a mano kukadali kochepa. Chifukwa chake, kafukufukuyu cholinga chake chinali kugwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha mtengo wosankha kuti adziwe zinthu zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi LS ndi IS pakati pa ophunzira a mano.
Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zikusonyeza kuti chida chopangira malangizo chomwe chapangidwachi chili ndi kulondola kwakukulu komanso kulondola kwangwiro, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti aphunzitsi angapindule ndi chida ichi. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yogawa deta, imatha kupereka malangizo apadera ndikukonza zokumana nazo zamaphunziro ndi zotsatira zake kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira. Pakati pawo, chidziwitso chopezeka kudzera mu zida zopangira malangizo chingathetse kusamvana pakati pa njira zophunzitsira zomwe aphunzitsi amakonda komanso zosowa za ophunzira zophunzirira. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha kutulutsa zokha kwa zida zopangira malangizo, nthawi yofunikira kuti mudziwe IP ya wophunzira ndikuyigwirizanitsa ndi IP yofanana idzachepetsedwa kwambiri. Mwanjira imeneyi, zochitika zoyenera zophunzitsira ndi zida zophunzitsira zitha kukonzedwa. Izi zimathandiza kukulitsa khalidwe labwino la ophunzira lophunzirira komanso luso loyang'ana kwambiri. Kafukufuku wina adanenanso kuti kupatsa ophunzira zida zophunzirira ndi zochitika zophunzirira zomwe zikugwirizana ndi LS yawo yomwe amakonda kungathandize ophunzira kuphatikiza, kukonza, ndikusangalala ndi kuphunzira m'njira zingapo kuti akwaniritse kuthekera kwakukulu [12]. Kafukufuku akuwonetsanso kuti kuwonjezera pakuwongolera kutenga nawo mbali kwa ophunzira mkalasi, kumvetsetsa njira yophunzirira ya ophunzira kumachitanso gawo lofunikira pakukweza machitidwe ophunzitsira ndi kulumikizana ndi ophunzira [28, 29].
Komabe, monga momwe zilili ndi ukadaulo uliwonse wamakono, pali mavuto ndi zolepheretsa. Izi zikuphatikizapo nkhani zokhudzana ndi chinsinsi cha deta, tsankho ndi chilungamo, komanso luso laukadaulo ndi zinthu zofunika popanga ndikukhazikitsa ma algorithms ophunzirira makina mu maphunziro a mano; Komabe, chidwi chomwe chikukulirakulira komanso kafukufuku m'derali zikusonyeza kuti ukadaulo wophunzirira makina ukhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pa maphunziro a mano ndi ntchito za mano.
Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zikusonyeza kuti theka la ophunzira a mano ali ndi chizolowezi "chozindikira" mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mtundu uwu wa ophunzira umakonda mfundo zenizeni ndi zitsanzo zenizeni, kukhala ndi luso lothandiza, kuleza mtima pa tsatanetsatane, komanso kukonda "zowoneka" za LS, komwe ophunzira amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi, zithunzi, mitundu, ndi mamapu kuti apereke malingaliro ndi malingaliro. Zotsatira zaposachedwa zikugwirizana ndi maphunziro ena omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ILS poyesa LS mwa ophunzira a mano ndi azachipatala, ambiri mwa iwo ali ndi mawonekedwe a LS yowona ndi yowona [12, 30]. Dalmolin ndi ena akuwonetsa kuti kudziwitsa ophunzira za LS yawo kumawathandiza kufikira kuthekera kwawo kophunzira. Ofufuza amanena kuti aphunzitsi akamvetsetsa bwino njira yophunzitsira ya ophunzira, njira zosiyanasiyana zophunzitsira ndi zochita zitha kuchitidwa zomwe zingathandize kuti ophunzira azichita bwino komanso kuti aphunzire bwino [12, 31, 32]. Kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti kusintha LS ya ophunzira kumasonyezanso kusintha kwa zomwe ophunzira akuphunzira komanso momwe amachitira zinthu akasintha njira zawo zophunzirira kuti zigwirizane ndi LS yawo [13, 33].
Malingaliro a aphunzitsi angasiyane pankhani yogwiritsira ntchito njira zophunzitsira kutengera luso la ophunzira lophunzira. Ngakhale ena akuwona ubwino wa njira imeneyi, kuphatikizapo mwayi wopititsa patsogolo ntchito, uphungu, ndi chithandizo cha anthu ammudzi, ena angadandaule za nthawi ndi chithandizo cha mabungwe. Kuyesetsa kukhala olinganiza bwino ndikofunikira kwambiri popanga malingaliro oganizira ophunzira. Akuluakulu a maphunziro apamwamba, monga oyang'anira mayunivesite, angathandize kwambiri pakuyendetsa kusintha kwabwino mwa kuyambitsa njira zatsopano ndikuthandizira chitukuko cha aphunzitsi [34]. Kuti apange dongosolo la maphunziro apamwamba losinthasintha komanso loyankha bwino, opanga mfundo ayenera kutenga njira zolimba mtima, monga kusintha mfundo, kupereka zinthu zothandizira kuphatikiza ukadaulo, ndikupanga njira zomwe zimalimbikitsa njira zoganizira ophunzira. Njirazi ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti tikwaniritse zotsatira zomwe tikufuna. Kafukufuku waposachedwapa pa maphunziro osiyanasiyana wasonyeza bwino kuti kukhazikitsa bwino maphunziro osiyanasiyana kumafuna mwayi wopitiliza maphunziro ndi chitukuko kwa aphunzitsi [35].
Chida ichi chimapereka chithandizo chamtengo wapatali kwa aphunzitsi a mano omwe akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito njira yolunjika kwa ophunzira pokonzekera zochitika zophunzirira zomwe ophunzira amaphunzira. Komabe, kafukufukuyu akungogwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya ML ya mtengo wosankha. M'tsogolomu, deta yambiri iyenera kusonkhanitsidwa kuti iyerekezere momwe mitundu yosiyanasiyana yophunzirira makina imagwirira ntchito kuti iyerekeze kulondola, kudalirika, komanso kulondola kwa zida zolangizira. Kuphatikiza apo, posankha njira yoyenera kwambiri yophunzirira makina pa ntchito inayake, ndikofunikira kuganizira zinthu zina monga kusinthasintha kwa chitsanzo ndi kutanthauzira.
Cholepheretsa cha kafukufukuyu ndichakuti chinangoyang'ana kwambiri pa kujambula ma LS ndi IS pakati pa ophunzira a mano. Chifukwa chake, njira yopangira malangizo idzangopereka malingaliro kwa ophunzira a mano okha. Kusintha ndikofunikira kuti ophunzira aphunzire maphunziro apamwamba azigwiritsa ntchito.
Chida chatsopano chopangira malangizo chochokera ku makina ophunzirira chimatha kugawa nthawi yomweyo ndikufananiza LS ya ophunzira ndi IS yofanana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale pulogalamu yoyamba yophunzitsira mano kuthandiza aphunzitsi a mano kukonzekera zochitika zoyenera zophunzitsira ndi kuphunzira. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yowerengera deta, imatha kupereka malangizo apadera, kusunga nthawi, kukonza njira zophunzitsira, kuthandizira njira zowunikira, ndikulimbikitsa chitukuko cha akatswiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kudzalimbikitsa njira zophunzitsira mano zomwe ophunzira amaganizira.
Gilak Jani Associated Press. Gwirizanitsani kapena kusagwirizana pakati pa kalembedwe ka ophunzira ndi kalembedwe ka mphunzitsi. Int J Mod Educ Computer Science. 2012;4(11):51–60. https://doi.org/10.5815/ijmecs.2012.11.05
Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-29-2024