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Chiyambi Kapangidwe ka kalasi yosinthidwa (FC) kamafuna ophunzira kuti awerenge mitu ya maphunziro pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zomwe apatsidwa asanaphunzitsidwe maso ndi maso. Cholinga chake ndi chakuti chifukwa ophunzira amadziwa bwino nkhaniyi, apindule kwambiri ndi momwe amalankhulirana ndi aphunzitsi. Kapangidwe kameneka kawonetsedwa kuti kakuwonjezera kukhutitsidwa kwa ophunzira, kuchita bwino m'maphunziro, komanso kukula kwa chidziwitso, komanso kumabweretsa kupambana kwakukulu m'maphunziro.
Njira. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza kusintha kwa maphunziro a mano ndi zinthu zachilengedwe kusukulu ya mano ku UK kuchoka pa njira yachikhalidwe yophunzitsira kupita ku mtundu wa hybrid FC mu chaka cha maphunziro cha 2019/2020, ndipo ikuyerekeza mayankho a ophunzira asanayambe komanso atatha kusinthako.
Ndemanga zovomerezeka komanso zosavomerezeka zomwe ophunzira adalandira pambuyo pa kusinthaku zinali zabwino kwambiri.
Kukambirana FC ikuwonetsa chiyembekezo chachikulu ngati chida cha amuna m'magawo azachipatala, koma kafukufuku wowonjezereka wokhudza kuchuluka kwa anthu amafunika, makamaka kuti ayese kupambana kwa maphunziro.
Sukulu ya mano ku UK yagwiritsa ntchito mokwanira njira yophunzitsira mano pogwiritsa ntchito flipped classroom (FC) pophunzitsa zipangizo za mano ndi zinthu zina zamoyo.
Njira ya FC ikhoza kusinthidwa kuti ikhale maphunziro osasinthasintha komanso ogwirizana kuti igwirizane ndi njira zophunzitsira zosakanikirana, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri chifukwa cha mliri wa COVID-19.
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo, njira zambiri zatsopano, zosangalatsa komanso zatsopano zophunzitsira zafotokozedwa ndi kuyesedwa. Njira yatsopano ya amuna imatchedwa "kalasi yosinthika" (FC). Njira imeneyi imafuna ophunzira kuti ayang'anenso mfundo za chiphunzitso cha maphunziro kudzera muzinthu zomwe zimaperekedwa (nthawi zambiri nkhani zojambulidwa kale) asanaphunzitsidwe maso ndi maso, ndi cholinga choti ophunzira akamadziwa bwino mutuwo, apeze chidziwitso chochuluka kuchokera ku nthawi yolumikizana ndi mphunzitsi. Mtundu uwu wawonetsedwa kuti ukukweza kukhutitsidwa kwa ophunzira1, kupambana kwa maphunziro, ndi chitukuko cha chidziwitso2,3, komanso kupambana kwakukulu kwa maphunziro. 4,5 Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yatsopano yophunzitsirayi kukuyembekezeka kukweza kukhutitsidwa kwa ophunzira ndi phunziro la Applied Dental Materials and Biomaterials (ADM&B) m'masukulu a mano aku UK. Cholinga cha phunziroli ndikuwunikira kukhutitsidwa kwa ophunzira ndi maphunziro asanayambe komanso atatha kusintha kwa chiphunzitso monga momwe zimayesedwera ndi Fomu Yoyesera Maphunziro a Ophunzira (SCEF).
Njira ya FC nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa makompyuta, kotero maphunziro amachotsedwa pa nthawi yake ndipo amaperekedwa pa intaneti aphunzitsi asanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito mfundozo. 6 Kuyambira pomwe idakhazikitsidwa m'masukulu apamwamba aku US, njira ya FC yafalikira kwambiri m'maphunziro apamwamba. 6 Njira ya FC yakhala yopambana m'magawo osiyanasiyana azachipatala 1,7 ndipo umboni wa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake ndi kupambana kwake ukuonekera mu mano. 3,4,8,9 Ngakhale kuti zotsatira zabwino zambiri zanenedwa zokhudzana ndi kukhutira kwa ophunzira, 1,9 pali umboni woyambirira wogwirizanitsa izi ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino amaphunziro. 4,10,11 Kusanthula kwaposachedwa kwa FC m'magawo angapo azaumoyo kunapeza kuti FC yapanga kusintha kwakukulu pakuphunzira kwa ophunzira poyerekeza ndi njira zachikhalidwe, 12 pomwe maphunziro ena m'magawo a mano adapezanso kuti imathandizira bwino magwiridwe antchito amaphunziro a ophunzira osauka. 13.14
Pali zovuta pa kuphunzitsa mano zokhudzana ndi njira zinayi zophunzirira zodziwika bwino zomwe zafotokozedwa ndi Honey ndi Mumford 15 motsogozedwa ndi ntchito ya Kolb. 16 Gome 1 likuwonetsa momwe maphunziro angaphunzitsidwire pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosakanikirana ya FC kuti agwirizane ndi njira zonse zophunzirirazi.15
Kuphatikiza apo, kalembedwe ka maphunziro osinthidwa kameneka kankayembekezeredwa kulimbikitsa kuganiza kwapamwamba. Pogwiritsa ntchito Bloom's Taxonomy 17 ngati chimango, maphunziro apaintaneti adapangidwa kuti apereke chidziwitso ndipo maphunziro adapangidwa kuti afufuze ndikukulitsa kumvetsetsa zinthu zisanayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kusanthula. Kolb Learning Cycle 18 ndi chiphunzitso chodziwika bwino chophunzirira zochitika zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa mano, makamaka chifukwa ndi phunziro lothandiza. Chiphunzitsochi chimachokera pa lingaliro lakuti ophunzira amaphunzira mwa kuchita. Pankhaniyi, chidziwitso chogwira ntchito posakaniza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a mano chimakulitsa chidziwitso chophunzitsa, chimakulitsa kumvetsetsa kwa ophunzira, ndikukulitsa kugwiritsa ntchito phunziroli. Ophunzira amapatsidwa mabuku ogwirira ntchito okhala ndi zinthu zothandiza pophunzira zochitika, monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Kolb Cycle 18 (Chithunzi 1). Kuphatikiza apo, misonkhano yolumikizana yophunzirira pogwiritsa ntchito mavuto yawonjezedwa ku pulogalamuyi. Adawonjezedwa kuti akwaniritse kuphunzira kozama ndikulimbikitsa ophunzira kukhala ophunzira odziyimira pawokha. 19
Kuphatikiza apo, njira yosakanikirana iyi ya FC ikuyembekezeka kutseka kusiyana kwa mibadwo pakati pa njira zophunzitsira ndi zophunzirira. 20 Ophunzira masiku ano nthawi zambiri amakhala a M'badwo Y. M'badwo uwu nthawi zambiri umagwirizana, umachita bwino ndi ukadaulo, umayankha njira zophunzitsira, ndipo umakonda maphunziro a zitsanzo ndi mayankho mwachangu, 21 onse omwe akuphatikizidwa mu njira yosakanikirana ya FC. 11
Tinalankhula ndi Komiti Yowunikira Makhalidwe Abwino ya sukulu ya zamankhwala kuti tidziwe ngati kuwunikanso makhalidwe abwino kunali kofunikira. Tinapeza chitsimikizo cholembedwa kuti kafukufukuyu anali kafukufuku wowunikira ntchito ndipo chifukwa chake kuvomerezedwa ndi makhalidwe abwino sikunali kofunikira.
Pofuna kuthandiza kusintha kwa njira ya FC, m'nkhaniyi, kunaonedwa kuti ndikoyenera kusintha kwambiri maphunziro onse a ADM&B. Kosi yomwe ikuperekedwayo imapangidwa poyamba kapena kufotokozedwa m'mabokosi 22 ndi mtsogoleri wa maphunziro omwe ali ndi udindo pa maphunzirowa, ndikugawa mitu yomwe yafotokozedwa ndi mutu wake. Mitu yaying'ono, yotchedwa "mitu," idasinthidwa kuchokera ku zida zophunzitsira zomwe zinalipo kale zomwe zidalembedwa ndikusungidwa ngati maulaliki a PowerPoint (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) okhudzana ndi mutu uliwonse. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazifupi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ophunzira aziganizira mosavuta komanso kuchepetsa mwayi wotaya chidwi. Zimakuthandizaninso kupanga maphunziro ophunzirira kuti azitha kusinthasintha, chifukwa mitu ina imakhudza madera angapo. Mwachitsanzo, zida zodziwika bwino zowunikira mano zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mano ochotsera komanso kukonzanso kokhazikika, komwe kumaphunziridwa m'maphunziro awiri osiyana. Nkhani iliyonse yokhudza zinthu zachikhalidwe zophunzirira idajambulidwa ngati podcast pogwiritsa ntchito kujambula kanema chifukwa izi zidapezeka kuti ndizothandiza kwambiri pakusunga chidziwitso pogwiritsa ntchito Panopto ku Seattle, USA23. Ma podcast awa amapezeka pa Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) ya yunivesite. Maphunzirowa adzawonekera pa kalendala ya ophunzira ndipo chiwonetserocho chidzakhala mu Microsoft Inc. PowerPoint format yokhala ndi ulalo wopita ku podcast. Ophunzira akulimbikitsidwa kuonera ma podcasts a nkhani zokambidwa, zomwe zimawathandiza kupereka ndemanga pa zolemba kapena kulemba mafunso aliwonse omwe amabwera m'maganizo mwawo panthawiyo. Pambuyo potulutsa ma slides ndi ma podcasts a nkhani, makalasi owonjezera ofunikira ndi zochitika zogwirira ntchito zakonzedwa. Woyang'anira maphunzirowa amalangizidwa ndi mawu ndi wotsogolera kuti akuyenera kuwunikanso nkhani asanapite ku maphunziro ndi zochita kuti apindule kwambiri ndi maphunzirowa, ndipo izi zalembedwa m'buku la maphunziro.
Maphunziro awa amalowa m'malo mwa maphunziro akale a nthawi yokhazikika ndipo amaperekedwa magawo othandiza asanayambe. Aphunzitsi amathandizira kuphunzitsa mwa kusintha maphunziro kuti agwirizane ndi zosowa zawo zophunzirira. Zimapatsanso mwayi wowunikira mfundo zazikulu, kuyesa chidziwitso ndi kumvetsetsa, kuthandizira zokambirana za ophunzira, ndikuwongolera mafunso. Mtundu uwu wa kuyanjana kwa anzawo wawonetsedwa kuti ukulimbikitsa kumvetsetsa kwakuya kwa malingaliro. 11 Gali et al 24 adapeza kuti, mosiyana ndi kuphunzitsa kwachikhalidwe kwa zomwe zili m'mano, zokambirana zochokera kumaphunziro zinathandiza ophunzira kulumikiza kuphunzira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kuchipatala. Ophunzira adanenanso kuti adapeza kuphunzitsa kukhala kolimbikitsa komanso kosangalatsa. Nthawi zina malangizo ophunzirira amaphatikizapo mafunso kudzera mu OMBEA Response (OMBEA Ltd., London, UK). Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti zotsatira zoyesera za mafunso zimakhudza bwino zotsatira za kuphunzira kuwonjezera pa kuwunika kumvetsetsa kwa zinthu zamalingaliro zomwe zimaperekedwa maphunziro asanakumane maso ndi maso25. 26
Monga mwachizolowezi, kumapeto kwa semesita iliyonse, ophunzira amapemphedwa kuti apereke ndemanga zovomerezeka kudzera mu malipoti a SCEF. Yerekezerani ndemanga zovomerezeka ndi zosavomerezeka zomwe zalandiridwa musanasinthe mtundu wa mutuwo.
Chifukwa cha chiwerengero chochepa cha ophunzira pa kosi iliyonse mu Faculty of Dentistry ku University of Aberdeen komanso chiwerengero chochepa cha ogwira ntchito omwe akupereka maphunziro a ADM&B, sizingatheke kutchula ndemanga za ophunzira mwachindunji. Chikalatachi chaphatikizidwa kuti chisunge ndikuteteza kusadziwika.
Komabe, zinaoneka kuti ndemanga za ophunzira pa SCEF zinali m'magulu anayi akuluakulu, omwe ndi: njira yophunzitsira, nthawi yophunzitsira komanso kupezeka kwa chidziwitso ndi zomwe zili mkati.
Ponena za njira zophunzitsira, kusinthaku kusanachitike panali ophunzira ambiri osakhutira kuposa omwe akhutitsidwa. Pambuyo pa kusinthaku, chiwerengero cha ophunzira omwe adati akhutitsidwa kwambiri kuposa omwe sakhutitsidwa chinawonjezeka kanayi. Ndemanga zonse zokhudzana ndi nthawi yophunzitsira ndi zida zinayambira pa kusakhutira konse mpaka kukhutira. Izi zinabwerezedwanso m'mayankho a ophunzira pankhani yopezeka kwa zidazo. Zomwe zili mu zidazo sizinasinthe kwambiri, ndipo ophunzira nthawi zonse ankakhutitsidwa ndi zomwe zaperekedwa, koma pamene zinasintha, ophunzira ambiri ankayankha bwino zomwe zili mkati.
Pambuyo pa kusintha kwa njira yophunzirira yosakanikirana ya FC, ophunzira adapereka ndemanga zambiri kudzera mu fomu ya SCEF kuposa momwe idasinthira kale.
Kuyesa manambala sikunaphatikizidwe mu lipoti loyambirira la SCEF koma kunayambitsidwa mchaka cha maphunziro cha 2019/20 pofuna kuyesa kuvomereza ndi kugwira ntchito bwino kwa maphunziro. Kusangalala ndi maphunziro ndi kugwira ntchito bwino kwa njira yophunzirira kunayesedwa pa sikelo ya mfundo zinayi: kuvomereza mwamphamvu (SA), kuvomereza kawirikawiri (GA), kusagwirizana kawirikawiri (GD), ndi kusagwirizana kwathunthu (SD). Monga momwe tikuonera pa Zithunzi 2 ndi 3, ophunzira onse adapeza kuti maphunzirowa anali osangalatsa komanso ogwira mtima, ndipo wophunzira m'modzi yekha wa BDS3 sanapeze njira yophunzirira yogwira ntchito bwino.
Kupeza umboni wothandizira kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka maphunziro n'kovuta chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomwe zili mkati ndi masitayelo, kotero nthawi zambiri kuweruza mwaukadaulo kumafunika. 2 Komabe, pa njira zonse zothandizira amuna komanso umboni womwe ukubwera wokhudza kugwira ntchito kwa FC mu maphunziro azachipatala, njira iyi ikuwoneka kuti ndiyo yoyenera kwambiri pa maphunziro omwe akukambidwa, chifukwa ngakhale ophunzira akale adakhutira pankhani ya kufunika ndi zomwe zili mkati, maphunziro ndi otsika kwambiri, koma kuphunzitsa ndi kochepa kwambiri.
Kupambana kwa mtundu watsopano wa FC kunayesedwa ndi ndemanga za ophunzira zovomerezeka komanso zosavomerezeka komanso kufananiza ndi ndemanga zomwe zinalandiridwa pa mtundu wakale. Monga momwe zinalili, ophunzira adanena kuti amakonda mtundu wa FC chifukwa amatha kupeza zinthu pa intaneti momwe amafunikira, panthawi yawo, ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito pa liwiro lawo. Izi ndizothandiza makamaka pamalingaliro ndi malingaliro ovuta kwambiri pomwe ophunzira angafune kubwereza gawolo mobwerezabwereza mpaka atamvetsetsa. Ophunzira ambiri anali otanganidwa mokwanira ndi njirayi, ndipo omwe, mwa tanthauzo, anali ndi nthawi yochulukirapo yokonzekera phunzirolo. Nkhani ya Chega ikutsimikizira izi. 7 Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatira zake zasonyeza kuti ophunzira amayamikira kwambiri kuyanjana kwapamwamba ndi mphunzitsi ndi kuphunzira ndipo kuti maphunziro asanayambe kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi adakonzedwa kuti agwirizane ndi zosowa zawo zophunzirira. Monga momwe zinalili, kuphatikiza maphunziro ndi zinthu zothandiza kunawonjezera chidwi cha ophunzira, kusangalala, komanso kuyanjana.
Masukulu a ophunzira a mano ku Aberdeen ndi atsopano komanso atsopano. Panthawiyo, njira zambiri zinapangidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi yomweyo, koma zinasinthidwa ndi kukonzedwa chifukwa zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zigwirizane bwino ndi cholingacho. Izi ndi momwe zilili ndi zida zovomerezeka zoyankhira maphunziro. Fomu yoyambirira ya SCEF inapempha ndemanga pa maphunziro onse, kenako inakonzedwanso pakapita nthawi kuti iphatikizepo mafunso okhudza thanzi la mano ndi matenda (mawu ofunikira pamutuwu), ndipo pamapeto pake inapempha ndemanga makamaka pa ADM&B. Apanso, lipoti loyamba linapempha ndemanga zambiri, koma pamene lipotilo linkapita patsogolo, mafunso ena enieni anafunsidwa okhudza mphamvu, zofooka, ndi njira zina zatsopano zophunzitsira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu maphunzirowa. Ndemanga zoyenera pakugwiritsa ntchito njira ya hybrid FC zaphatikizidwa m'magawo ena. Izi zinasonkhanitsidwa ndikuphatikizidwa mu zotsatira zake. Mwatsoka, pazifukwa za kafukufukuyu, deta ya manambala sinasonkhanitsidwe pachiyambi chifukwa izi zikanapangitsa kuti pakhale kuyeza koyenera kwa kusintha kapena kusintha kwina kwa zotsatira mkati mwa maphunzirowa.
Monga m'mayunivesite ambiri, maphunziro ku Yunivesite ya Aberdeen saonedwa kuti ndi okakamiza, ngakhale m'mapulogalamu olamulidwa ndi mabungwe akunja monga General Dental Council, yomwe ili ndi udindo walamulo komanso walamulo woyang'anira maphunziro a mano ku UK. Maphunziro ena onse amafunika, kotero posintha kufotokozera kwa maphunziro kukhala buku lophunzirira, ophunzira adzakakamizika kutenga nawo mbali; Kuwonjezeka kwa opezekapo kumawonjezera kutenga nawo mbali, kutenga nawo mbali komanso kuphunzira.
Zanenedwa m'mabuku kuti pali zovuta zomwe zingachitike ndi mtundu wa FC. Mtundu wa FC umaphatikizapo ophunzira kukonzekera asanayambe kalasi, nthawi zambiri m'nthawi yawo. Zhuang et al. Zinapezeka kuti njira ya FC si yoyenera ophunzira onse chifukwa imafuna chikhulupiriro chapamwamba komanso chilimbikitso kuti amalize kukonzekera. 27 Munthu angayembekezere kuti ophunzira azaumoyo azikhala ndi chilimbikitso chachikulu, koma Patanwala et al 28 adapeza kuti sizinali choncho chifukwa ophunzira ena a pharmacy therapy sanathe kuwunikanso zomwe zidalembedwa kale ndipo motero sanakonzekere mabuku. . Komabe, maphunzirowa adapeza kuti ophunzira ambiri anali otanganidwa, okonzeka, ndipo adapezekapo pamaphunziro a maso ndi maso ndi kumvetsetsa bwino koyamba kwa maphunzirowo. Olembawo akuti izi ndi zotsatira za ophunzira omwe akulangizidwa mwachindunji ndi oyang'anira maphunziro ndi VLE kuti awonere ma podcasts ndi ma slide a maphunziro, pomwe akuwalangiza kuti aziona izi ngati chofunikira pa maphunziro ofunikira. Maphunziro ndi zochita zogwira ntchito nazonso zimakhala zolumikizana komanso zosangalatsa, ndipo aphunzitsi amayembekezera kutenga nawo mbali kwa ophunzira. Ophunzira amazindikira mwachangu kuti kusakonzekera kwawo n'kodziwikiratu. Komabe, izi zitha kukhala zovuta ngati maphunziro onse aphunzitsidwa motere, chifukwa ophunzira akhoza kukhala otanganidwa kwambiri ndipo sadzakhala ndi nthawi yokwanira yowunikiranso nkhani zonse. Nkhani zokonzekerazi ziyenera kuikidwa mu ndandanda ya ophunzira.
Kuti mupange ndikukhazikitsa mfundo za FC pophunzitsa maphunziro, mavuto angapo ayenera kuthetsedwa. Mwachionekere, kujambula podcast kumafuna nthawi yambiri yokonzekera. Kuphatikiza apo, kuphunzira pulogalamuyo ndikukhala ndi luso losintha kumatenga nthawi yambiri.
Makalasi osinthasintha amathetsa vuto lokulitsa nthawi yolumikizirana ndi aphunzitsi omwe ali ndi nthawi yochepa komanso zimathandiza kufufuza njira zatsopano zophunzitsira. Kuyanjana kumakhala kosinthasintha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malo ophunzirira akhale abwino kwa ogwira ntchito komanso ophunzira, komanso kusintha malingaliro omwe anthu ambiri amaona kuti zipangizo zamano ndi nkhani "yovuta". Ogwira ntchito ku University of Aberdeen Dental Institute agwiritsa ntchito njira ya FC pazochitika zosiyanasiyana, koma sinagwiritsidwe ntchito pophunzitsa m'maphunziro onse.
Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi njira zina zoperekera maphunziro, mavuto amabuka ngati mphunzitsi wamkulu sakupezeka pamisonkhano yokumana maso ndi maso ndipo motero sangathe kuphunzitsa maphunziro, chifukwa otsogolera amatenga gawo lofunika kwambiri pa kupambana kwa njira ya FC. Chidziwitso cha Wogwirizanitsa Maphunziro chiyenera kukhala chokwanira kuti zokambirana zipite mbali iliyonse komanso mozama mokwanira, komanso kuti ophunzira aone kufunika kokonzekera ndi kutenga nawo mbali. Ophunzira ali ndi udindo pa kuphunzira kwawo, koma alangizi ayenera kukhala okhoza kuyankha ndikusintha.
Zipangizo zophunzitsira zovomerezeka zimakonzedwa pasadakhale, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti maphunziro amakhala okonzeka kuphunzitsidwa nthawi iliyonse. Panthawi yolemba nkhaniyi, panthawi ya mliri wa COVID-19, njira iyi imalola maphunziro kuperekedwa pa intaneti ndipo zimapangitsa kuti ogwira ntchito azigwira ntchito kunyumba mosavuta, chifukwa dongosolo lophunzitsira lili kale. Chifukwa chake, ophunzira adamva kuti kuphunzira za chiphunzitso sikunasokonezedwe chifukwa maphunziro apaintaneti adaperekedwa ngati njira ina yovomerezeka m'malo mwa makalasi okumana maso ndi maso. Kuphatikiza apo, zida izi zikupezeka kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ndi magulu amtsogolo. Zipangizozi zidzafunikabe kusinthidwa nthawi ndi nthawi, koma nthawi ya mphunzitsi idzasungidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ndalama zonse zisungidwe poyerekeza ndi mtengo woyamba wa nthawi yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kusintha kuchoka pa maphunziro achikhalidwe kupita ku maphunziro a FC kunapangitsa kuti ophunzira alandire mayankho abwino nthawi zonse, mwalamulo komanso mwamwamwayi. Izi zikugwirizana ndi zotsatira zina zomwe zidasindikizidwa kale. Kafukufuku wowonjezereka akufunika kuti awone ngati kuwunika komaliza kungawongoleredwe pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya FC.
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Nthawi yotumizira: Novembala-04-2024