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Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa intelligence Artificial Intelligence (AI) kukukulirakulira, koma maphunziro asukulu yachipatala omwe alipo akupereka maphunziro ochepa okhudza derali.Apa tikufotokoza maphunziro anzeru opangira nzeru omwe tidapanga ndikuperekedwa kwa ophunzira azachipatala aku Canada ndikupereka malingaliro ophunzirira mtsogolo.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) muzamankhwala imatha kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito ndikuthandizira kupanga zisankho zachipatala.Kuti atsogolere bwino kugwiritsa ntchito luntha lochita kupanga, madokotala ayenera kudziwa zanzeru zopangira.Ndemanga zambiri zimalimbikitsa chiphunzitso cha AI1, monga kufotokozera mitundu ya AI ndi njira zotsimikizira2.Komabe, ndondomeko zochepa zomwe zakhazikitsidwa, makamaka pa dziko lonse.Pinto dos Santos et al.3.Ophunzira azachipatala 263 adafunsidwa ndipo 71% adavomereza kuti amafunikira maphunziro anzeru zopangira.Kuphunzitsa luntha lochita kupanga kwa omvera azachipatala kumafuna kupangidwa mosamala komwe kumaphatikiza malingaliro aukadaulo ndi osakhala aukadaulo kwa ophunzira omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chidziwitso chambiri choyambirira.Timalongosola zomwe takumana nazo popereka zokambirana za AI kumagulu atatu a ophunzira azachipatala ndikupereka malingaliro amaphunziro azachipatala amtsogolo mu AI.
Miyezi yathu ya masabata asanu ya Introduction to Artificial Intelligence in Medicine workshop kwa ophunzira azachipatala inachitika katatu pakati pa February 2019 ndi April 2021. Ndondomeko ya msonkhano uliwonse, ndi kufotokozera mwachidule za kusintha kwa maphunziro, ikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 1. Zolinga zitatu zazikulu zamaphunziro: ophunzira amamvetsetsa momwe deta imagwiritsidwira ntchito m'makompyuta opangira nzeru, kusanthula zolemba zanzeru zopangira ntchito zachipatala, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wogwirizana ndi mainjiniya omwe amapanga luntha lochita kupanga.
Buluu ndiye mutu wankhaniyo ndipo buluu wopepuka ndiye nthawi ya mafunso ndi mayankho.Gawo la imvi ndilo cholinga cha ndemanga yachidule ya mabuku.Zigawo za lalanje zimasankhidwa maphunziro omwe amafotokoza zitsanzo zanzeru zopangira kapena njira.Green ndi maphunziro owongolera omwe adapangidwa kuti aziphunzitsa luntha lochita kupanga kuti athetse mavuto azachipatala ndikuwunika zitsanzo.Zomwe zili ndi nthawi ya zokambirana zimasiyana malinga ndi kuwunika kwa zosowa za ophunzira.
Msonkhano woyamba udachitikira ku University of British Columbia kuyambira February mpaka Epulo 2019, ndipo onse asanu ndi atatu adapereka ndemanga zabwino4.Chifukwa cha COVID-19, msonkhano wachiwiri unachitika pafupifupi mu Okutobala-Novembala 2020, ndipo ophunzira 222 azachipatala ndi okhalamo 3 ochokera ku masukulu 8 azachipatala aku Canada adalembetsa.Makanema owonetsera ndi ma code adakwezedwa patsamba lotseguka (http://ubcaimed.github.io).Ndemanga yayikulu kuchokera pakubwereza koyamba inali yoti maphunzirowo anali amphamvu kwambiri komanso zinthu zongoyerekeza.Kutumikira madera asanu ndi limodzi a ku Canada kumabweretsa mavuto enanso.Chifukwa chake, msonkhano wachiwiri udafupikitsa gawo lililonse kukhala ola la 1, kusavuta maphunziro, kuonjeza maphunziro ochulukirapo, ndikupanga mapulogalamu a boilerplate omwe amalola ophunzira kuti amalize mawu achinsinsi osasintha pang'ono (Bokosi 1).Ndemanga zazikulu za kubwereza kwachiwiri zinaphatikizapo ndemanga zabwino pazochitika zamapulogalamu ndi pempho lowonetsera kukonzekera ntchito yophunzirira makina.Chifukwa chake, mumsonkhano wathu wachitatu, womwe udachitikira pafupifupi ophunzira 126 azachipatala mu Marichi-Epulo 2021, tidaphatikizanso machitidwe ophatikizira ma codec ndi magawo oyankha mapulojekiti kuti tiwonetse momwe kugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro amisonkhano kumapulojekiti.
Kusanthula Kwa data: Gawo la kafukufuku wa ziwerengero zomwe zimazindikiritsa njira zatanthauzo mu data posanthula, kukonza, ndi kutumizirana ma data.
Kuyika deta: njira yozindikirira ndikuchotsa deta.Pankhani ya luntha lochita kupanga, izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu, zokhala ndi mitundu ingapo yachitsanzo chilichonse.
Kuchepetsa kukula: Njira yosinthira deta yokhala ndi zinthu zambiri zamunthu payekha kukhala zocheperako ndikusunga zofunikira za seti yoyambirira.
Makhalidwe (mu nkhani ya luntha lochita kupanga): zoyezeka zachitsanzo.Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyana ndi "katundu" kapena "zosinthika".
Gradient Activation Map: Njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauzira mitundu yanzeru zopangira (makamaka convolutional neural network), yomwe imasanthula momwe gawo lomaliza la netiweki likuyendera kuti lizindikire zigawo za data kapena zithunzi zomwe zimalosera kwambiri.
Chitsanzo Chokhazikika: Chitsanzo cha AI chomwe chilipo kale chomwe chaphunzitsidwa kale kuchita ntchito zofanana.
Kuyesa (m'mawu anzeru zopangira): kuyang'ana momwe chitsanzo chimagwirira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito deta yomwe sichinakumanepo nayo kale.
Maphunziro (m'mawu anzeru zopangira): Kupereka chitsanzo ndi deta ndi zotsatira kuti chitsanzocho chisinthe magawo ake amkati kuti akwaniritse bwino ntchito yake pogwiritsa ntchito deta yatsopano.
Vector: mndandanda wa data.Pophunzira pamakina, gulu lililonse lazinthu nthawi zambiri limakhala lapadera lachitsanzo.
Table 1 imatchula maphunziro aposachedwa kwambiri a Epulo 2021, kuphatikiza zolinga zophunzirira pamutu uliwonse.Msonkhanowu umapangidwira omwe angoyamba kumene kuukadaulo ndipo safuna kudziwa masamu kupitilira chaka choyamba cha digiri ya udokotala.Maphunzirowa adapangidwa ndi ophunzira 6 azachipatala ndi aphunzitsi a 3 omwe ali ndi digiri yapamwamba yaukadaulo.Mainjiniya akupanga chiphunzitso cha intelligence kuti aziphunzitsa, ndipo ophunzira azachipatala akuphunzira zofunikira pazachipatala.
Maphunzirowa amaphatikizapo maphunziro, maphunziro a zochitika, ndi mapulogalamu otsogolera.M'nkhani yoyamba, timayang'ana malingaliro osankhidwa a kusanthula deta mu biostatistics, kuphatikizapo kuyang'ana kwa deta, kusinthika kwazinthu, ndi kufananitsa ziwerengero zofotokozera ndi zochititsa chidwi.Ngakhale kusanthula deta ndiye maziko a nzeru zopangapanga, timapatula mitu monga kukumba deta, kuyesa kufunikira kwake, kapena kuwonera mwachidwi.Izi zidachitika chifukwa chazovuta za nthawi komanso chifukwa ophunzira ena omwe adamaliza maphunziro awo adaphunzitsidwa kale mu biostatistics ndipo amafuna kuti afotokoze mitu yapadera yophunzirira makina.Nkhani yotsatila imayambitsa njira zamakono ndikukambirana za kapangidwe ka vuto la AI, ubwino ndi malire a zitsanzo za AI, ndi kuyesa zitsanzo.Maphunzirowa amathandizidwa ndi zolemba komanso kafukufuku wothandiza pazida zanzeru zopanga zomwe zilipo kale.Timagogomezera luso lofunikira kuti tiwone momwe tingagwiritsire ntchito ndi zotheka kwa chitsanzo kuti tiyankhe mafunso achipatala, kuphatikizapo kumvetsetsa zoperewera za zida zanzeru zopanga zomwe zilipo kale.Mwachitsanzo, tidapempha ophunzira kuti azitha kutanthauzira malangizo okhudza kuvulala pamutu kwa ana omwe a Kupperman et al., 5 adagwiritsa ntchito njira yopangira nzeru zamtengo wapatali kuti adziwe ngati CT scan ingakhale yothandiza potengera kuwunika kwa dokotala.Timatsindika kuti ichi ndi chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha AI chopereka ma analytics olosera kuti madokotala amatanthauzira, m'malo mosintha madokotala.
M'zitsanzo za mapulogalamu a bootstrap omwe alipo otseguka (https://github.com/ubcaimed/ubcaimed.github.io/tree/master/programming_examples), tikuwonetsa momwe tingasankhire deta yowunikira, kuchepetsa kukula, kuyika zitsanzo, ndi maphunziro .ndi kuyesa.Timagwiritsa ntchito zolemba za Google Colaboratory (Google LLC, Mountain View, CA), zomwe zimalola khodi ya Python kukhazikitsidwa pa msakatuli.Mu Chithunzi 2 chimapereka chitsanzo cha ntchito yokonza mapulogalamu.Ntchitoyi ikuphatikizapo kulosera zilonda pogwiritsa ntchito Wisconsin Open Breast Imaging Dataset6 ndi ndondomeko ya mtengo wazisankho.
Onetsani mapulogalamu sabata yonse pamitu yogwirizana ndikusankha zitsanzo kuchokera pamapulogalamu a AI omwe adasindikizidwa.Zinthu zamapulogalamu zimaphatikizidwa pokhapokha ngati ziganiziridwa kuti ndizofunikira pakuwunikira zamtsogolo zachipatala, monga momwe mungawunikire zitsanzo kuti zitsimikizire ngati zili zokonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayesero azachipatala.Zitsanzo izi zimafika pachimake pakugwiritsa ntchito komaliza mpaka kumapeto komwe kumayika zotupa ngati zowopsa kapena zowopsa potengera mawonekedwe achipatala.
Heterogeneity ya chidziwitso choyambirira.Otenga nawo gawo adasiyana mulingo wawo wa chidziwitso cha masamu.Mwachitsanzo, ophunzira omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba a uinjiniya akufunafuna zinthu zozama, monga momwe angapangire masinthidwe awo a Fourier.Komabe, kukambirana za algorithm ya Fourier m'kalasi sikutheka chifukwa kumafuna chidziwitso chakuya pakukonza ma siginecha.
Kutuluka kwa opezekapo.Kupezeka pamisonkhano yotsatila kunatsika, makamaka pamawonekedwe apa intaneti.Yankho likhoza kukhala kutsata opezekapo ndikupereka satifiketi yomaliza.Sukulu zachipatala zimadziwika kuti zimazindikira zolemba zamaphunziro akunja kwa ophunzira, zomwe zingalimbikitse ophunzira kuchita digiri.
Kapangidwe ka Kosi: Chifukwa AI imayenda m'magawo ang'onoang'ono ambiri, kusankha mfundo zazikuluzikulu zakuzama ndi kufalikira koyenera kumatha kukhala kovuta.Mwachitsanzo, kupitiliza kugwiritsa ntchito zida za AI kuchokera ku labotale kupita ku chipatala ndi mutu wofunikira.Ngakhale tikukamba za kukonzanso deta, kupanga zitsanzo, ndi kutsimikizira, sitiphatikiza mitu monga kusanthula deta yaikulu, kuyang'ana mwachidwi, kapena kuyesa mayesero achipatala a AI, m'malo mwake timayang'ana kwambiri malingaliro apadera a AI.Mfundo yotitsogolera ndiyo kupititsa patsogolo luso lathu lowerenga, osati luso.Mwachitsanzo, kumvetsetsa momwe chitsanzo chimagwirira ntchito zolowetsedwera ndikofunikira kuti titanthauzire.Njira imodzi yochitira izi ndikugwiritsa ntchito mamapu otsegulira ma gradient, omwe amatha kuwona kuti ndi zigawo ziti za data zomwe zikuyembekezeka.Komabe, izi zimafuna mawerengero a multivariate ndipo sangathe kuyambitsidwa8.Kupanga mawu amodzi kunali kovuta chifukwa tinali kuyesera kufotokoza momwe tingagwiritsire ntchito deta ngati ma vectors opanda masamu masamu.Dziwani kuti mawu osiyanasiyana ali ndi tanthauzo lofanana, mwachitsanzo, mu epidemiology, "khalidwe" limafotokozedwa ngati "kusintha" kapena "makhalidwe."
Kusunga chidziwitso.Chifukwa kugwiritsa ntchito AI kuli kochepa, momwe otenga nawo mbali amasungira chidziwitso sichiyenera kuwonedwa.Maphunziro amasukulu azachipatala nthawi zambiri amadalira kubwereza mobwerezabwereza kuti alimbikitse chidziwitso panthawi yosinthasintha,9 yomwe ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito ku maphunziro a AI.
Ukatswiri ndi wofunika kwambiri kuposa kuwerenga.Kuzama kwazinthuzo kumapangidwa popanda kukhwima kwa masamu, zomwe zinali zovuta poyambitsa maphunziro azachipatala mu nzeru zopangira.M'zitsanzo zamapulogalamu, timagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya template yomwe imalola ophunzira kuti azitha kudzaza minda ndikuyendetsa pulogalamuyo popanda kudziwa momwe angakhazikitsire pulogalamu yonse.
Zodetsa nkhawa zanzeru zopangira zomwe zayankhidwa: Pali nkhawa yofala kuti luntha lochita kupanga lingalowe m'malo mwa ntchito zina zachipatala3.Kuti tithane ndi vutoli, tikufotokozera zoperewera za AI, kuphatikiza kuti pafupifupi matekinoloje onse a AI ovomerezedwa ndi owongolera amafunikira kuyang'aniridwa ndi dokotala11.Timagogomezeranso kufunikira kwa tsankho chifukwa ma algorithms amakonda kukondera, makamaka ngati ma data sali osiyanasiyana12.Chifukwa chake, gulu lina laling'ono likhoza kutsatiridwa molakwika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chisankho cholakwika.
Zothandizira zilipo pagulu: Tapanga zida zopezeka pagulu, kuphatikiza zithunzi ndi ma code.Ngakhale mwayi wopeza zinthu zofananira uli ndi malire chifukwa cha magawo anthawi, zomwe zili pamagwero otseguka ndi njira yabwino yophunzirira mosagwirizana chifukwa ukadaulo wa AI supezeka m'masukulu onse azachipatala.
Mgwirizano Wamagulu Amitundumitundu: Msonkhanowu ndi mgwirizano woyambitsidwa ndi ophunzira azachipatala kukonzekera maphunziro limodzi ndi mainjiniya.Izi zikuwonetsa mwayi wothandizana nawo komanso mipata yazidziwitso m'mbali zonse ziwiri, zomwe zimalola ophunzira kumvetsetsa zomwe angachite mtsogolomo.
Fotokozani luso lachiyambi la AI.Kufotokozera mndandanda wa luso kumapereka dongosolo lokhazikika lomwe lingathe kuphatikizidwa mu maphunziro omwe alipo kale okhudzana ndi luso lachipatala.Msonkhanowu pakali pano umagwiritsa ntchito Milingo 2 ya Kuphunzira (Kumvetsetsa), 3 (Ntchito), ndi 4 (Analysis) ya Taxonomy ya Bloom.Kukhala ndi zothandizira pamagulu apamwamba, monga kupanga mapulojekiti, kungalimbikitse chidziwitso.Izi zimafunika kugwirira ntchito limodzi ndi akatswiri azachipatala kuti adziwe momwe mitu ya AI ingagwiritsidwire ntchito pakuyenda kwachipatala ndikuletsa kuphunzitsa kwa mitu yobwerezabwereza yomwe yaphatikizidwa kale m'maphunziro achipatala.
Pangani maphunziro amilandu pogwiritsa ntchito AI.Mofanana ndi zitsanzo zachipatala, kuphunzira kokhazikika kumatha kulimbikitsa malingaliro osamveka powunikira kufunika kwawo ku mafunso azachipatala.Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wina wamaphunziro adasanthula njira 13 ya Google ya AI yozindikira matenda a shuga a retinopathy kuti azindikire zovuta panjira yochokera ku labu kupita ku chipatala, monga zovomerezeka zakunja ndi njira zovomerezeka.
Gwiritsani ntchito kuphunzira mwachidziwitso: Maluso aukadaulo amafunikira kuyeserera kokhazikika komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kuti akhale katswiri, mofanana ndi zomwe ophunzira amaphunzira mozungulira.Njira imodzi yothanirana ndi vutoli ndi njira yopindika ya m'kalasi, yomwe akuti imathandizira kusunga chidziwitso mu maphunziro a uinjiniya14.Muchitsanzo ichi, ophunzira amawunikanso zinthu zongoyerekeza paokha ndipo nthawi yakalasi imaperekedwa kuti athetse mavuto kudzera m'maphunziro ankhani.
Kuchulukitsa kwa omwe atenga nawo mbali m'magulu osiyanasiyana: Tikuwona kukhazikitsidwa kwa AI kuphatikizira mgwirizano m'machitidwe angapo, kuphatikiza madotolo ndi akatswiri othandizira azaumoyo omwe ali ndi maphunziro osiyanasiyana.Chifukwa chake, maphunziro angafunikire kupangidwa mogwirizana ndi aphunzitsi ochokera m'madipatimenti osiyanasiyana kuti agwirizane ndi magawo osiyanasiyana azachipatala.
Artificial intelligence ndiukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri ndipo malingaliro ake oyambira amakhudzana ndi masamu ndi sayansi yamakompyuta.Kuphunzitsa ogwira ntchito zachipatala kuti amvetsetse luntha lochita kupanga kumakhala ndi zovuta zapadera pakusankha zomwe zili, kufunikira kwachipatala, ndi njira zoperekera.Tikukhulupirira kuti zidziwitso zomwe zapezedwa kuchokera ku zokambirana za AI mu Maphunziro zithandiza aphunzitsi amtsogolo kuvomereza njira zatsopano zophatikizira AI mu maphunziro azachipatala.
Google Colaboratory Python script ndiyotseguka ndipo ikupezeka pa: https://github.com/ubcaimed/ubcaimed.github.io/tree/master/.
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Olembawo akuthokoza Danielle Walker, Tim Salcudin, ndi Peter Zandstra ochokera ku Biomedical Imaging ndi Artificial Intelligence Research Cluster ku yunivesite ya British Columbia kuti athandizidwe ndi ndalama.
RH, PP, ZH, RS ndi MA ndiwo anali ndi udindo wokonza zophunzitsa pamisonkhano.RH ndi PP anali ndi udindo wopanga zitsanzo zamapulogalamu.KYF, OY, MT ndi PW anali ndi udindo woyang'anira kayendetsedwe ka polojekitiyi komanso kuwunika kwamisonkhano.RH, OY, MT, RS anali ndi udindo wopanga ziwerengero ndi matebulo.RH, KYF, PP, ZH, OY, MY, PW, TL, MA, RS anali ndi udindo wokonza ndi kukonza chikalatacho.
Communication Medicine ikuthokoza Carolyn McGregor, Fabio Moraes, ndi Aditya Borakati chifukwa cha zopereka zawo pakuwunikanso ntchitoyi.
Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-19-2024