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Kugwiritsa ntchito luntha lochita kupanga (AI) kukukula mofulumira, koma maphunziro omwe alipo m'masukulu azachipatala amapereka maphunziro ochepa okhudza gawoli. Apa tikufotokoza maphunziro a luntha lochita kupanga omwe tidapanga ndikupereka kwa ophunzira azachipatala aku Canada ndikupereka malingaliro a maphunziro amtsogolo.
Luntha lochita kupanga (AI) mu zamankhwala lingathandize kukonza bwino malo ogwirira ntchito ndikuthandizira kupanga zisankho zachipatala. Kuti atsogolere bwino kugwiritsa ntchito luntha lochita kupanga, madokotala ayenera kumvetsetsa luntha lochita kupanga. Ndemanga zambiri zimalimbikitsa kuphunzitsa mfundo za AI1, monga kufotokoza mitundu ya AI ndi njira zotsimikizira2. Komabe, mapulani ochepa okha ndi omwe akhazikitsidwa, makamaka pamlingo wadziko lonse. Pinto dos Santos et al.3. Ophunzira azachipatala 263 adafunsidwa mafunso ndipo 71% adavomereza kuti amafunikira maphunziro a luntha lochita kupanga. Kuphunzitsa luntha lochita kupanga kwa omvera azachipatala kumafuna kapangidwe kosamala komwe kumaphatikiza mfundo zaukadaulo ndi zosakhala zaukadaulo kwa ophunzira omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chidziwitso chambiri. Timafotokoza zomwe takumana nazo popereka ma workshop angapo a AI kwa magulu atatu a ophunzira azachipatala ndikupereka malingaliro a maphunziro azachipatala amtsogolo mu AI.
Msonkhano wathu wa milungu isanu wa Chiyambi cha Luntha Lochita Kupanga mu Mankhwala kwa ophunzira azachipatala unachitika katatu pakati pa February 2019 ndi Epulo 2021. Ndondomeko ya msonkhano uliwonse, yokhala ndi kufotokozera mwachidule kusintha kwa maphunzirowa, ikuwonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 1. Maphunzirowa ali ndi zolinga zitatu zazikulu zophunzirira: ophunzira amamvetsetsa momwe deta imagwiritsidwira ntchito mu mapulogalamu a luntha lochita kupanga, kusanthula mabuku a luntha lochita kupanga kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito kuchipatala, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wogwirizana ndi mainjiniya omwe amapanga luntha lochita kupanga.
Buluu ndiye mutu wa nkhani ndipo buluu wopepuka ndiye nthawi yokambirana mafunso ndi mayankho. Gawo la imvi ndiye cholinga chachikulu cha ndemanga yachidule ya mabuku. Magawo a lalanje ndi maphunziro osankhidwa omwe amafotokoza zitsanzo kapena njira zanzeru zopangidwira. Zobiriwira ndi maphunziro otsogozedwa opangidwira kuphunzitsa luntha lochita kupanga kuti athetse mavuto azachipatala ndikuwunika zitsanzo. Zomwe zili mkati ndi nthawi ya misonkhano zimasiyana kutengera kuwunika kwa zosowa za ophunzira.
Msonkhano woyamba unachitikira ku University of British Columbia kuyambira February mpaka Epulo 2019, ndipo ophunzira onse 8 adapereka ndemanga zabwino4. Chifukwa cha COVID-19, msonkhano wachiwiri unachitika pa intaneti mu Okutobala-Novembala 2020, ndipo ophunzira azachipatala 222 ndi anthu atatu ochokera m'masukulu 8 azachipatala aku Canada adalembetsa. Masilaidi owonetsera ndi ma code akwezedwa patsamba lotseguka (http://ubcaimed.github.io). Ndemanga yayikulu kuchokera ku ndemanga yoyamba inali yakuti maphunzirowo anali ovuta kwambiri ndipo nkhanizo zinali zongoganizira kwambiri. Kutumikira madera asanu ndi limodzi osiyanasiyana a nthawi ku Canada kumabweretsa zovuta zina. Chifukwa chake, msonkhano wachiwiri unafupikitsa gawo lililonse kukhala ola limodzi, unapangitsa kuti maphunzirowo akhale osavuta, unawonjezera maphunziro ena, ndikupanga mapulogalamu owonjezera omwe amalola ophunzira kumaliza magawo a ma code popanda kulakwitsa kwakukulu (Bokosi 1). Ndemanga zazikulu kuchokera ku ndemanga yachiwiri zinaphatikizapo ndemanga zabwino pamasewera olimbitsa thupi ndi pempho lowonetsa kukonzekera pulojekiti yophunzirira makina. Chifukwa chake, mu msonkhano wathu wachitatu, womwe unachitikira pa intaneti kwa ophunzira 126 azachipatala mu Marichi-Epulo 2021, tinaphatikizapo machitidwe ambiri ogwiritsira ntchito ma code ndi magawo ofotokozera ma projekiti kuti tiwonetse momwe kugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro a msonkhano kumakhudzira ma projekiti.
Kusanthula Deta: Gawo lophunzirira ziwerengero lomwe limazindikira machitidwe ofunika mu deta mwa kusanthula, kukonza, ndi kulankhulana machitidwe a deta.
Kufufuza deta: njira yodziwira ndi kuchotsa deta. Pankhani ya luntha lochita kupanga, nthawi zambiri izi zimakhala zazikulu, zokhala ndi zosintha zingapo pa chitsanzo chilichonse.
Kuchepetsa kukula kwa deta: Njira yosinthira deta yokhala ndi zinthu zambiri payekhapayekha kukhala zinthu zochepa pamene ikusunga zinthu zofunika kwambiri za deta yoyambirira.
Makhalidwe (ponena za luntha lochita kupanga): makhalidwe oyezeka a chitsanzo. Kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosinthana ndi "katundu" kapena "kusintha".
Mapu Othandizira Ma Gradient: Njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito potanthauzira zitsanzo za luntha lochita kupanga (makamaka ma network a convolutional neural), yomwe imasanthula njira yowongolera gawo lomaliza la netiweki kuti izindikire madera a deta kapena zithunzi zomwe zimalosera kwambiri.
Chitsanzo Chokhazikika: Chitsanzo cha AI chomwe chilipo kale chomwe chaphunzitsidwa kale kuti chigwire ntchito zofanana.
Kuyesa (poganizira za luntha lochita kupanga): kuwona momwe chitsanzo chimagwirira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito deta yomwe sichinakumanepo nayo kale.
Maphunziro (poganizira za luntha lochita kupanga): Kupereka chitsanzo chokhala ndi deta ndi zotsatira kuti chitsanzocho chisinthe magawo ake amkati kuti chikhale ndi luso lochita ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito deta yatsopano.
Vekitala: mndandanda wa deta. Mu kuphunzira kwa makina, chinthu chilichonse cha mndandanda nthawi zambiri chimakhala chapadera pa chitsanzocho.
Gome 1 likuwonetsa maphunziro aposachedwa a Epulo 2021, kuphatikiza zolinga zophunzirira zomwe zimayang'aniridwa pamutu uliwonse. Msonkhanowu wapangidwira omwe angoyamba kumene maphunziro aukadaulo ndipo sufuna chidziwitso chilichonse cha masamu kupitirira chaka choyamba cha digiri ya zamankhwala. Maphunzirowa adapangidwa ndi ophunzira 6 azachipatala ndi aphunzitsi atatu omwe ali ndi madigiri apamwamba mu uinjiniya. Mainjiniya akupanga chiphunzitso cha luntha lochita kupanga kuti aphunzitse, ndipo ophunzira azachipatala akuphunzira zinthu zofunikira pazachipatala.
Misonkhano ikuphatikizapo maphunziro, maphunziro a milandu, ndi mapulogalamu otsogozedwa. Mu nkhani yoyamba, tikuwunikanso malingaliro osankhidwa a kusanthula deta mu biostatistics, kuphatikiza kuwona deta, kuwongolera zinthu, komanso kufananiza ziwerengero zofotokozera ndi zoyambitsa. Ngakhale kusanthula deta ndiye maziko a luntha lochita kupanga, sitichotsa mitu monga kuwunika deta, kuyesa kofunika, kapena kuwonetsa kolumikizana. Izi zidachitika chifukwa cha nthawi yochepa komanso chifukwa ophunzira ena a digiri yoyamba adaphunzitsidwa kale mu biostatistics ndipo amafuna kufotokoza mitu yapadera yophunzirira makina. Nkhani yotsatirayi imayambitsa njira zamakono ndikukambirana za kapangidwe ka mavuto a AI, zabwino ndi zofooka za mitundu ya AI, ndi kuyesa kwa chitsanzo. Mituyi imathandizidwa ndi mabuku ndi kafukufuku wothandiza pazida zanzeru zochita kupanga zomwe zilipo. Timagogomezera luso lofunikira kuti tiwone momwe chitsanzocho chikuyendera bwino komanso kuthekera kwa yankho la mafunso azachipatala, kuphatikiza kumvetsetsa zofooka za zida zanzeru zochita kupanga zomwe zilipo. Mwachitsanzo, tidapempha ophunzira kuti afotokoze malangizo ovulala mutu a ana omwe adaperekedwa ndi Kupperman et al., 5 omwe adakhazikitsa njira yosankha mtengo wa luntha lochita kupanga kuti adziwe ngati CT scan ingakhale yothandiza kutengera mayeso a dokotala. Tikugogomezera kuti ichi ndi chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha AI yopereka kusanthula kolosera kwa madokotala kuti atanthauzira, m'malo mosintha madokotala.
Mu zitsanzo za mapulogalamu otseguka a bootstrap omwe alipo (https://github.com/ubcaimed/ubcaimed.github.io/tree/master/programming_examples), tikuwonetsa momwe tingachitire kusanthula deta yofufuza, kuchepetsa kukula kwa deta, kukweza kwa chitsanzo, ndi kuphunzitsa . ndi kuyesa. Timagwiritsa ntchito ma notebook a Google Colaboratory (Google LLC, Mountain View, CA), omwe amalola kuti Python code ichitike kuchokera pa msakatuli wapaintaneti. Mu Chithunzi 2, Chithunzi 2 chikuwonetsa chitsanzo cha masewera olimbitsa thupi. Masewerawa akuphatikizapo kulosera za khansa pogwiritsa ntchito Wisconsin Open Breast Imaging Dataset6 ndi algorithm ya mtengo wosankha.
Amapereka mapulogalamu sabata yonse pa mitu yokhudzana ndi izi ndikusankha zitsanzo kuchokera ku mapulogalamu a AI ofalitsidwa. Zinthu za pulogalamu zimaphatikizidwa pokhapokha ngati zikuonedwa kuti ndizofunikira popereka chidziwitso cha machitidwe azachipatala amtsogolo, monga momwe mungayang'anire mitundu kuti mudziwe ngati ili yokonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu mayeso azachipatala. Zitsanzo izi zimathera ndi pulogalamu yonse kuyambira kumapeto mpaka kumapeto yomwe imagawa zotupa ngati zosavulaza kapena zoyipa kutengera mawonekedwe azithunzi zachipatala.
Kusiyana kwa chidziwitso chakale. Ophunzira athu amasiyana pamlingo wawo wa chidziwitso cha masamu. Mwachitsanzo, ophunzira omwe ali ndi luso lapamwamba la uinjiniya akufunafuna zinthu zambiri zakuya, monga momwe angachitire ma Fourier transforms awoawo. Komabe, kukambirana za Fourier algorithm mkalasi sikophweka chifukwa kumafuna chidziwitso chakuya cha kukonza ma signal.
Kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amabwera kudzaphunzira. Anthu omwe amabwera kudzaphunzira pamisonkhano yotsatira anachepa, makamaka pa intaneti. Njira yothetsera vutoli ingakhale kutsatira anthu omwe amabwera kudzaphunzira ndikupereka satifiketi yoti amaliza maphunziro awo. Masukulu azachipatala amadziwika kuti amazindikira zolemba za zochita za ophunzira zomwe amachita kusukulu zina, zomwe zingalimbikitse ophunzira kuti aphunzire digiri.
Kapangidwe ka Maphunziro: Popeza AI imafalikira m'magawo ambiri, kusankha mfundo zazikulu zakuya ndi m'lifupi mwake kungakhale kovuta. Mwachitsanzo, kupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito zida za AI kuchokera ku labotale kupita ku chipatala ndi nkhani yofunika kwambiri. Ngakhale tikulankhula za kukonza deta, kupanga chitsanzo, ndi kutsimikizira, sitiphatikizapo mitu monga kusanthula deta yayikulu, kuwonetsa kolumikizana, kapena kuchita mayeso azachipatala a AI, m'malo mwake timayang'ana kwambiri malingaliro apadera a AI. Mfundo yathu yotsogolera ndikukweza kuwerenga, osati luso. Mwachitsanzo, kumvetsetsa momwe chitsanzo chimagwirira ntchito zinthu zolowetsa ndikofunikira kuti munthu azitha kutanthauzira. Njira imodzi yochitira izi ndikugwiritsa ntchito mamapu oyambitsa ma gradient, omwe amatha kuwona madera omwe detayo ingadziwike. Komabe, izi zimafuna kuwerengera kwa multivariate ndipo sizingayambitsidwe8. Kupanga mawu ofanana kunali kovuta chifukwa tinkayesa kufotokoza momwe tingagwirire ntchito ndi deta ngati ma vectors popanda masamu formalism. Dziwani kuti mawu osiyanasiyana ali ndi tanthauzo lofanana, mwachitsanzo, mu epidemiology, "khalidwe" limafotokozedwa ngati "kusintha" kapena "khalidwe."
Kusunga chidziwitso. Popeza kugwiritsa ntchito AI kuli kochepa, kuchuluka kwa ophunzira omwe amasunga chidziwitso kukuonekerabe. Maphunziro a masukulu azachipatala nthawi zambiri amadalira kubwerezabwereza kwa nthawi kuti alimbikitse chidziwitso panthawi yosinthasintha,9 zomwe zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito pa maphunziro a AI.
Ukatswiri ndi wofunika kwambiri kuposa kulemba ndi kuwerenga. Kuzama kwa nkhaniyi kunapangidwa popanda kukhwima kwa masamu, zomwe zinali zovuta poyambitsa maphunziro azachipatala mu luntha lochita kupanga. Mu zitsanzo za mapulogalamu, timagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya template yomwe imalola ophunzira kudzaza minda ndikuyendetsa pulogalamuyo popanda kudziwa momwe angakhazikitsire malo athunthu okonzera mapulogalamu.
Nkhawa zokhudza luntha lochita kupanga zafotokozedwa: Pali nkhawa yofala kwambiri yoti luntha lochita kupanga lingalowe m'malo mwa ntchito zina zachipatala3. Pofuna kuthetsa vutoli, tikufotokoza zofooka za AI, kuphatikizapo mfundo yakuti pafupifupi ukadaulo wonse wa AI wovomerezedwa ndi oyang'anira umafuna kuyang'aniridwa ndi dokotala11. Tikugogomezeranso kufunika kwa tsankho chifukwa ma algorithms amakhala ndi tsankho, makamaka ngati deta si yosiyana12. Chifukwa chake, gulu linalake likhoza kupangidwa molakwika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zisankho zosalungama zachipatala.
Zinthu zilipo pagulu: Tapanga zinthu zomwe zimapezeka pagulu, kuphatikizapo masilaidi a maphunziro ndi ma code. Ngakhale kuti mwayi wopeza zinthu zogwirizana ndi nthawi ndi wochepa chifukwa cha nthawi, zinthu zotseguka ndi njira yabwino yophunzirira zinthu zogwirizana ndi nthawi chifukwa luso la AI silipezeka m'masukulu onse azachipatala.
Mgwirizano wa Maphunziro Osiyanasiyana: Msonkhano uwu ndi mgwirizano woyambitsidwa ndi ophunzira azachipatala kuti akonze maphunziro pamodzi ndi mainjiniya. Izi zikuwonetsa mwayi wogwirizana komanso kusadziwa bwino mbali zonse ziwiri, zomwe zimathandiza ophunzira kumvetsetsa ntchito yomwe angathandize mtsogolo.
Fotokozani luso la AI. Kufotokoza mndandanda wa luso kumapereka dongosolo lokhazikika lomwe lingaphatikizidwe mu maphunziro azachipatala omwe alipo omwe amadalira luso. Msonkhanowu pakadali pano ukugwiritsa ntchito Levels Levels 2 (Kumvetsetsa), 3 (Kugwiritsa Ntchito), ndi 4 (Kusanthula) kwa Bloom's Taxonomy. Kukhala ndi zinthu zomwe zili pamlingo wapamwamba wogawa, monga kupanga mapulojekiti, kungalimbikitse chidziwitso. Izi zimafuna kugwira ntchito ndi akatswiri azachipatala kuti adziwe momwe mitu ya AI ingagwiritsidwire ntchito pa ntchito zachipatala ndikuletsa kuphunzitsa mitu yobwerezabwereza yomwe yaphatikizidwa kale mu maphunziro azachipatala wamba.
Pangani maphunziro a milandu pogwiritsa ntchito AI. Mofanana ndi zitsanzo zachipatala, kuphunzira kozikidwa pa milandu kungalimbikitse mfundo zosamveka bwino powunikira kufunika kwawo ku mafunso azachipatala. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wina wa msonkhano adasanthula njira yodziwira matenda a shuga ya retinopathy ya Google 13 kuti adziwe zovuta zomwe zimachitika kuchokera ku labu kupita ku chipatala, monga zofunikira zakunja zotsimikizira ndi njira zovomerezeka ndi malamulo.
Gwiritsani ntchito kuphunzira kochitika: Maluso aukadaulo amafunika kuchita zinthu moganizira bwino komanso kuzigwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kuti muphunzire bwino, mofanana ndi zomwe ophunzira akuchipatala akumana nazo. Njira imodzi yothetsera vutoli ndi njira yosinthira kalasi, yomwe yanenedwa kuti ikuthandiza kusunga chidziwitso mu maphunziro a uinjiniya14. Mu chitsanzo ichi, ophunzira amawunikanso zinthu zamaphunziro okha ndipo nthawi ya kalasi imaperekedwa kuthetsa mavuto kudzera mu maphunziro a milandu.
Kukulitsa ophunzira m'magawo osiyanasiyana: Tikuganiza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito AI kukuphatikizapo mgwirizano m'magawo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza madokotala ndi akatswiri azaumoyo omwe ali ndi maphunziro osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, maphunziro angafunike kupangidwa mogwirizana ndi aphunzitsi ochokera m'madipatimenti osiyanasiyana kuti agwirizane ndi magawo osiyanasiyana azaumoyo.
Luntha lochita kupanga ndi laukadaulo wapamwamba ndipo mfundo zake zazikulu zimagwirizana ndi masamu ndi sayansi ya makompyuta. Kuphunzitsa ogwira ntchito zachipatala kuti amvetsetse luntha lochita kupanga kumabweretsa zovuta zapadera pakusankha zomwe zili mkati, kufunika kwa zamankhwala, komanso njira zoperekera. Tikukhulupirira kuti chidziwitso chomwe chapezedwa kuchokera ku misonkhano ya AI mu Maphunziro chithandiza aphunzitsi amtsogolo kugwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano zophatikizira AI mu maphunziro azachipatala.
Chikalata cha Google Colaboratory Python chili chotseguka ndipo chikupezeka pa: https://github.com/ubcaimed/ubcaimed.github.io/tree/master/.
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Olembawo akuthokoza Danielle Walker, Tim Salcudin, ndi Peter Zandstra ochokera ku Biomedical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence Research Cluster ku University of British Columbia chifukwa cha thandizo ndi ndalama.
RH, PP, ZH, RS ndi MA anali ndi udindo wopanga zomwe zinali mu msonkhano. RH ndi PP anali ndi udindo wopanga zitsanzo za mapulogalamu. KYF, OY, MT ndi PW anali ndi udindo wokonza zinthu za polojekitiyi komanso kusanthula ma msonkhanowo. RH, OY, MT, RS anali ndi udindo wopanga ziwerengero ndi matebulo. RH, KYF, PP, ZH, OY, MY, PW, TL, MA, RS anali ndi udindo wolemba ndi kusintha chikalatacho.
Communication Medicine ikuthokoza Carolyn McGregor, Fabio Moraes, ndi Aditya Borakati chifukwa cha zopereka zawo pakuwunikiranso ntchito iyi.
Nthawi yotumizira: Feb-19-2024