Ukadaulo wa Augmented reality (AR) wasonyeza kuti ndi wothandiza powonetsa chidziwitso ndikuwonetsa zinthu za 3D. Ngakhale kuti ophunzira nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu a AR kudzera m'mafoni, mitundu ya pulasitiki kapena zithunzi za 2D zimagwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri pochita masewera olimbitsa mano. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a mano a magawo atatu, ophunzira ojambulira mano amakumana ndi zovuta chifukwa chosowa zida zomwe zimapereka chitsogozo chokhazikika. Mu kafukufukuyu, tinapanga chida chophunzitsira kudula mano chozikidwa pa AR (AR-TCPT) ndikuchiyerekeza ndi chitsanzo cha pulasitiki kuti tiwone momwe chingagwiritsidwire ntchito ngati chida chophunzitsira komanso zomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito.
Kuti tiyerekezere mano odulidwa, tinapanga motsatizana chinthu cha 3D chomwe chinali ndi galu wa maxillary ndi maxillary first premolar (gawo 16), mandibular first premolar (gawo 13), ndi mandibular first molar (gawo 14). Zizindikiro zazithunzi zopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya Photoshop zinaperekedwa ku dzino lililonse. Tinapanga pulogalamu yam'manja yochokera ku AR pogwiritsa ntchito injini ya Unity. Pakusema mano, ophunzira 52 adapatsidwa mwachisawawa ku gulu lowongolera (n = 26; pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo za pulasitiki za mano) kapena gulu loyesera (n = 26; pogwiritsa ntchito AR-TCPT). Mafunso azinthu 22 adagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito akumana nazo. Kusanthula deta koyerekeza kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso a Mann-Whitney U osagwiritsa ntchito parametric kudzera mu pulogalamu ya SPSS.
AR-TCPT imagwiritsa ntchito kamera ya foni yam'manja kuti izindikire zizindikiro za chithunzi ndikuwonetsa zinthu za 3D za zidutswa za mano. Ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kusintha chipangizocho kuti awerenge gawo lililonse kapena kuphunzira mawonekedwe a dzino. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wazomwe ogwiritsa ntchito adawonetsa kuti poyerekeza ndi gulu lowongolera pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya pulasitiki, gulu loyesera la AR-TCPT lidapeza bwino kwambiri pa luso lodula mano.
Poyerekeza ndi mitundu ya pulasitiki yachikhalidwe, AR-TCPT imapereka chidziwitso chabwino kwa ogwiritsa ntchito akamasema mano. Chidachi n'chosavuta kuchipeza chifukwa chapangidwa kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito ndi ogwiritsa ntchito pazida zam'manja. Kafukufuku wowonjezereka akufunika kuti adziwe momwe AR-TCTP imakhudzira maphunziro ake pa kuchuluka kwa mano ojambulidwa komanso luso la wogwiritsa ntchito lojambula.
Kapangidwe ka mano ndi machitidwe olimbitsa thupi ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa maphunziro a mano. Maphunzirowa amapereka malangizo a chiphunzitso ndi othandiza pa kapangidwe ka mano, ntchito yake, ndi kugoba mwachindunji kwa mano [1, 2]. Njira yachikhalidwe yophunzitsira ndikuphunzira mwachiphunzitso kenako nkuchita kudula mano kutengera mfundo zomwe zaphunziridwa. Ophunzira amagwiritsa ntchito zithunzi za mano ndi zitsanzo za pulasitiki (2D) kuti azigoba mano pa sera kapena pulasitiki [3,4,5]. Kumvetsetsa kapangidwe ka mano ndikofunikira kwambiri pa chithandizo chobwezeretsa mano komanso kupanga mano obwezeretsa mano m'machitidwe azachipatala. Ubale woyenera pakati pa mano otsutsana ndi oyandikana nawo, monga momwe mawonekedwe awo amasonyezera, ndi wofunikira kuti asunge bata ndi kukhazikika kwa malo [6, 7]. Ngakhale maphunziro a mano angathandize ophunzira kumvetsetsa bwino kapangidwe ka mano, akukumanabe ndi zovuta pakudula komwe kumakhudzana ndi machitidwe achikhalidwe.
Anthu atsopano omwe akuyamba kumene kuchita kafukufuku wa mano amakumana ndi vuto lotanthauzira ndi kubwerezabwereza zithunzi za 2D mu magawo atatu (3D) [8,9,10]. Mawonekedwe a mano nthawi zambiri amaimiridwa ndi zojambula kapena zithunzi za magawo awiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta kuwona mawonekedwe a mano. Kuphatikiza apo, kufunikira kojambula mano mwachangu munthawi yochepa, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi za 2D, kumapangitsa kuti ophunzira azivutika kulingalira ndikuwona mawonekedwe a 3D [11]. Ngakhale zitsanzo za mano zapulasitiki (zomwe zitha kuperekedwa ngati zomalizidwa pang'ono kapena zomaliza) zimathandiza pophunzitsa, kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kumakhala kochepa chifukwa zitsanzo zapulasitiki zamalonda nthawi zambiri zimafotokozedwa kale ndipo zimachepetsa mwayi wochita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira [4]. Kuphatikiza apo, zitsanzo izi zochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi za bungwe la maphunziro ndipo sizingakhale za ophunzira payekhapayekha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchuluka kwa ntchito zolimbitsa thupi panthawi yoperekedwa mkalasi. Aphunzitsi nthawi zambiri amalangiza ophunzira ambiri panthawi yochita maphunziro ndipo nthawi zambiri amadalira njira zachikhalidwe zochitira, zomwe zingayambitse kudikira kwa nthawi yayitali kuti aphunzitsi apereke ndemanga pa magawo apakati ogwiritsira ntchito [12]. Chifukwa chake, pakufunika kalozera wosema kuti athandize kuchita zosema mano komanso kuchepetsa zoletsa zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zitsanzo za pulasitiki.
Ukadaulo wa Augmented reality (AR) waonekera ngati chida chodalirika chowongolera zomwe munthu akuphunzira. Mwa kuphatikiza chidziwitso cha digito pamalo enieni, ukadaulo wa AR ungapatse ophunzira chidziwitso cholumikizana komanso chozama kwambiri [13]. Garzón [14] adagwiritsa ntchito zaka 25 zakuchitikira ndi mibadwo itatu yoyamba ya maphunziro a AR ndipo adati kugwiritsa ntchito zida zam'manja ndi mapulogalamu otsika mtengo (kudzera pazida zam'manja ndi mapulogalamu) m'badwo wachiwiri wa AR kwasintha kwambiri makhalidwe a maphunziro. . Mapulogalamu am'manja akapangidwa ndikuyikidwa, amalola kamera kuzindikira ndikuwonetsa zambiri zowonjezera za zinthu zodziwika, motero kukonza zomwe wogwiritsa ntchito akukumana nazo [15, 16]. Ukadaulo wa AR umagwira ntchito pozindikira mwachangu code kapena chithunzi kuchokera ku kamera ya chipangizo cham'manja, kuwonetsa zambiri za 3D zikapezeka [17]. Mwa kusintha zida zam'manja kapena zizindikiro zazithunzi, ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kuwona mosavuta komanso mwachilengedwe ndikumvetsetsa kapangidwe ka 3D [18]. Mu ndemanga ya Akçayır ndi Akçayır [19], AR idapezeka kuti ikuwonjezera "chisangalalo" ndikuwonjezera bwino "milingo yophunzirira." Komabe, chifukwa cha zovuta za deta, ukadaulowu ukhoza kukhala "wovuta kwa ophunzira kugwiritsa ntchito" ndikuyambitsa "kuchuluka kwa malingaliro," zomwe zimafuna malangizo ena ophunzitsira [19, 20, 21]. Chifukwa chake, kuyesetsa kuyenera kupangidwa kuti kuwonjezere phindu la maphunziro a AR powonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zovuta pantchito. Zinthu izi ziyenera kuganiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa AR popanga zida zophunzitsira zogwiritsira ntchito kudula mano.
Kuti atsogolere bwino ophunzira pakusema mano pogwiritsa ntchito malo osungira mano, njira yopitilira iyenera kutsatiridwa. Njira imeneyi ingathandize kuchepetsa kusinthasintha ndikulimbikitsa kupeza luso [22]. Osema oyamba amatha kukweza ubwino wa ntchito yawo potsatira njira yosema mano ya digito pang'onopang'ono [23]. Ndipotu, njira yophunzitsira pang'onopang'ono yawonetsedwa kuti ndi yothandiza pakuphunzitsa luso losema m'kanthawi kochepa ndikuchepetsa zolakwika pakupanga komaliza kwa kukonzanso [24]. Pankhani yokonzanso mano, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosema pamwamba pa mano ndi njira yothandiza yothandizira ophunzira kukweza luso lawo [25]. Kafukufukuyu cholinga chake chinali kupanga chida chogwiritsira ntchito AR-based dental carving (AR-TCPT) choyenera mafoni ndikuwunika momwe ogwiritsa ntchito amagwirira ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufukuyu adayerekeza zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito a AR-TCPT akumana nazo ndi mitundu yachikhalidwe ya utomoni wa mano kuti awone kuthekera kwa AR-TCPT ngati chida chothandiza.
AR-TCPT yapangidwira zipangizo zam'manja pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa AR. Chida ichi chapangidwa kuti chipange mitundu ya 3D pang'onopang'ono ya agalu a maxillary, maxillary first premolars, mandibular first premolars, ndi mandibular first molars. Kuyesa koyamba kwa 3D kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito 3D Studio Max (2019, Autodesk Inc., USA), ndipo kuyesa komaliza kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya Zbrush 3D (2019, Pixologic Inc., USA). Kuyika chizindikiro pazithunzi kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya Photoshop (Adobe Master Collection CC 2019, Adobe Inc., USA), yopangidwira kuzindikirika bwino ndi makamera am'manja, mu injini ya Vuforia (PTC Inc., USA; http:///developer.vuforia.com)). Pulogalamu ya AR ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito injini ya Unity (Marichi 12, 2019, Unity Technologies, USA) kenako nkuyikidwa ndikuyambitsidwa pa foni yam'manja. Pofuna kuwona momwe AR-TCPT imagwirira ntchito ngati chida chogwiritsira ntchito podula mano, ophunzirawo adasankhidwa mwachisawawa kuchokera ku kalasi yophunzitsira za mawonekedwe a mano ya 2023 kuti apange gulu lowongolera ndi gulu loyesera. Ophunzira omwe adatenga nawo mbali mu gulu loyesera adagwiritsa ntchito AR-TCPT, ndipo gulu lowongolera lidagwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya pulasitiki kuchokera ku Tooth Carving Step Model Kit (Nissin Dental Co., Japan). Pambuyo pomaliza ntchito yodula mano, zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito adakumana nazo pa chida chilichonse chogwiritsidwa ntchito zidafufuzidwa ndikuyerekezeredwa. Kayendetsedwe ka kapangidwe ka kafukufukuyu kakuwonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 1. Kafukufukuyu adachitika ndi chilolezo cha Institutional Review Board of South Seoul National University (nambala ya IRB: NSU-202210-003).
Kujambula kwa 3D kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonyeza nthawi zonse makhalidwe a mawonekedwe a mapangidwe otuluka ndi opindika a mano a mesial, distal, buccal, lingual ndi occlusal panthawi yojambula. Mano a maxillary canine ndi maxillary first premolar adapangidwa ngati level 16, mandibular first premolar ngati level 13, ndi mandibular first molar ngati level 14. Kujambula koyambirira kukuwonetsa ziwalo zomwe ziyenera kuchotsedwa ndikusungidwa motsatira dongosolo la mafilimu a mano, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pachithunzichi. 2. Ndondomeko yomaliza yojambula mano ikuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi 3. Mu chitsanzo chomaliza, mawonekedwe, mikwingwirima ndi mitsinje imafotokoza kapangidwe ka dzino, ndipo chidziwitso cha chithunzicho chikuphatikizidwa kuti chitsogolere njira yojambulira ndikuwonetsa mapangidwe omwe amafunikira chisamaliro chapadera. Kumayambiriro kwa gawo lojambula, pamwamba pa chilichonse pamakhala utoto wosonyeza komwe akupita, ndipo phula la sera limalembedwa ndi mizere yolimba yosonyeza ziwalo zomwe ziyenera kuchotsedwa. Malo ozungulira ndi akutali a dzino amalembedwa ndi madontho ofiira kusonyeza malo olumikizirana ndi dzino omwe adzakhalabe ngati ziwonetsero ndipo sadzachotsedwa panthawi yodula. Pamwamba pa occlusal, madontho ofiira amalemba chizindikiro chilichonse ngati chosungidwa, ndipo mivi yofiira imasonyeza komwe kudula kwa sera kumachitikira. Kupanga chitsanzo cha 3D cha ziwalo zosungidwa ndi zochotsedwa kumalola kutsimikizira mawonekedwe a ziwalo zochotsedwa panthawi yopangira sera.
Pangani zoyeserera zoyambirira za zinthu za 3D pang'onopang'ono pogwiritsa ntchito njira yodula mano. a: Malo ozungulira a maxillary first premolar; b: Malo ozungulira a mesial apamwamba pang'ono komanso a mesial a maxillary first premolar; c: Malo ozungulira a maxillary first molar; d: Malo ozungulira pang'ono a maxillary first molar ndi mesiobuccal. pamwamba. B - tsaya; La - mawu a labial; M - mawu apakati.
Zinthu zamitundu itatu (3D) zikuyimira njira yodulira mano pang'onopang'ono. Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa chinthu chomalizidwa cha 3D pambuyo pa njira yoyamba yopangira mano a maxillary, kusonyeza tsatanetsatane ndi mawonekedwe a gawo lililonse lotsatira. Deta yachiwiri yopangira mano a 3D ikuphatikizapo chinthu chomaliza cha 3D chowonjezeredwa mu chipangizo cham'manja. Mizere yokhala ndi madontho ikuyimira magawo ogawidwa mofanana a dzino, ndipo magawo olekanitsidwa akuyimira omwe ayenera kuchotsedwa gawo lomwe lili ndi mzere wolimba lisanaphatikizidwe. Muvi wofiira wa 3D umasonyeza njira yodulira dzino, bwalo lofiira pamwamba patali limasonyeza malo olumikizirana ndi dzino, ndipo silinda yofiira pamwamba pa occlusal imasonyeza cusp ya dzino. a: mizere yokhala ndi madontho, mizere yolimba, mabwalo ofiira pamwamba patali ndi masitepe osonyeza chotsekera sera. b: Kutha kwa mapangidwe a molar yoyamba ya nsagwada yapamwamba. c: Kuwona mwatsatanetsatane kwa molar yoyamba ya maxillary, muvi wofiira umasonyeza njira ya dzino ndi ulusi wozungulira, cusp yofiira ya cylindrical, mzere wolimba umasonyeza gawo loti lidulidwe pamwamba pa occlusal. d: Molar yoyamba yonse ya maxillary.
Kuti zitheke kuzindikira masitepe otsatizana ojambulira pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo cham'manja, zizindikiro zinayi zazithunzi zinakonzedwa za mandibular first molar, mandibular first premolar, maxillary first molar, ndi maxillary gane. Zizindikiro zazithunzi zinapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya Photoshop (2020, Adobe Co., Ltd., San Jose, CA) ndipo zinagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zozungulira ndi mawonekedwe obwerezabwereza kuti zisiyanitse dzino lililonse, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 4. Pangani zizindikiro zapamwamba zazithunzi pogwiritsa ntchito injini ya Vuforia (pulogalamu yopangira zizindikiro za AR), ndikupanga ndikusunga zizindikiro zazithunzi pogwiritsa ntchito injini ya Unity mutalandira chiŵerengero chodziwika bwino cha nyenyezi zisanu cha mtundu umodzi wa chithunzi. Chitsanzo cha dzino la 3D chimalumikizidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi zizindikiro zazithunzi, ndipo malo ake ndi kukula kwake zimatsimikiziridwa kutengera zizindikirozo. Imagwiritsa ntchito injini ya Unity ndi mapulogalamu a Android omwe amatha kuyikidwa pazida zam'manja.
Chizindikiro cha chithunzi. Zithunzi izi zikuwonetsa zizindikiro za chithunzi zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kafukufukuyu, zomwe kamera ya foni yam'manja inazindikira mwa mtundu wa dzino (nambala mu bwalo lililonse). a: molar yoyamba ya chiuno cham'mbuyo; b: premolar yoyamba ya chiuno cham'mbuyo; c: molar yoyamba ya chiuno cham'mbuyo; d: galu wa chiuno cham'mbuyo.
Ophunzira adasankhidwa kuchokera ku kalasi yoyamba yothandiza pa kapangidwe ka mano ku Dipatimenti ya Ukhondo wa Mano, Seong University, Gyeonggi-do. Ophunzira omwe angakhalepo adadziwitsidwa izi: (1) Kutenga nawo mbali ndi kodzipereka ndipo sikuphatikizapo malipiro aliwonse azachuma kapena maphunziro; (2) Gulu lowongolera lidzagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yapulasitiki, ndipo gulu loyesera lidzagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yam'manja ya AR; (3) kuyesaku kudzakhala kwa milungu itatu ndipo kudzakhudza mano atatu; (4) Ogwiritsa ntchito Android adzalandira ulalo woyika pulogalamuyi, ndipo ogwiritsa ntchito iOS adzalandira chipangizo cha Android chokhala ndi AR-TCPT yoyikidwa; (5) AR-TCTP idzagwira ntchito mofanana pamakina onse awiri; (6) Perekani gulu lowongolera mwachisawawa ndi gulu loyesera; (7) Kudula mano kudzachitika m'ma laboratories osiyanasiyana; (8) Pambuyo pa kuyesaku, maphunziro 22 adzachitika; (9) Gulu lowongolera lingagwiritse ntchito AR-TCPT pambuyo pa kuyesaku. Ophunzira onse 52 adadzipereka, ndipo fomu yovomerezeka pa intaneti idapezeka kuchokera kwa wophunzira aliyense. Kulamulira (n = 26) ndi magulu oyesera (n = 26) adapatsidwa mwachisawawa pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito yosasinthika mu Microsoft Excel (2016, Redmond, USA). Chithunzi 5 chikuwonetsa kusankhidwa kwa ophunzira ndi kapangidwe ka kuyesera mu tchati choyendera.
Kapangidwe ka kafukufuku wofufuza zomwe ophunzira akumana nazo ndi zitsanzo zapulasitiki ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zenizeni zowonjezeredwa.
Kuyambira pa 27 Marichi, 2023, gulu loyesera ndi gulu lowongolera linagwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya AR-TCPT ndi pulasitiki kuti lidule mano atatu, motsatana, kwa milungu itatu. Ophunzirawo anajambula ma premolars ndi molars, kuphatikizapo mandibular first molar, mandibular first premolar, ndi maxillary first premolar, zonse zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta. Ma maxillary gants sakuphatikizidwa mu chifanizirocho. Ophunzirawo ali ndi maola atatu pa sabata kuti adule dzino. Pambuyo popanga dzino, mitundu ya pulasitiki ndi zizindikiro zazithunzi za magulu owongolera ndi oyesera, motsatana, zinachotsedwa. Popanda kuzindikira chizindikiro cha chithunzi, zinthu za mano za 3D sizikuwonjezeredwa ndi AR-TCTP. Pofuna kupewa kugwiritsa ntchito zida zina zoyeserera, magulu oyesera ndi owongolera ankachita kudula mano m'zipinda zosiyana. Ndemanga pa mawonekedwe a dzino idaperekedwa milungu itatu pambuyo pa kutha kwa kuyesa kuti achepetse mphamvu ya malangizo a aphunzitsi. Mafunso adaperekedwa pambuyo poti kudula mandibular first molar kumalizidwa sabata yachitatu ya Epulo. Mafunso osinthidwa kuchokera kwa Sanders et al. Alfala et al. adagwiritsa ntchito mafunso 23 kuchokera ku [26]. [27] adayesa kusiyana kwa mawonekedwe a mtima pakati pa zida zochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi. Komabe, mu kafukufukuyu, chinthu chimodzi chogwiritsira ntchito mwachindunji pamlingo uliwonse sichinaphatikizidwe mu Alfalah et al. [27]. Zinthu 22 zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kafukufukuyu zawonetsedwa mu Table 1. Magulu olamulira ndi oyesera anali ndi ma α a Cronbach a 0.587 ndi 0.912, motsatana.
Kusanthula deta kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya ziwerengero ya SPSS (v25.0, IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). Kuyesa kwa mbali ziwiri kwa kufunika kunachitika pamlingo wofunikira wa 0.05. Kuyesa kwenikweni kwa Fisher kunagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza makhalidwe onse monga jenda, zaka, malo okhala, ndi luso losema mano kuti atsimikizire kufalikira kwa makhalidwe amenewa pakati pa magulu owongolera ndi oyesera. Zotsatira za mayeso a Shapiro-Wilk zinawonetsa kuti deta ya kafukufukuyo sinali kugawidwa nthawi zambiri (p < 0.05). Chifukwa chake, mayeso a Mann-Whitney U osagwiritsa ntchito parametric adagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza magulu owongolera ndi oyesera.
Zida zomwe ophunzirawo agwiritsa ntchito panthawi yochita maseŵera osema mano zawonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 6. Chithunzi 6a chikuwonetsa chitsanzo cha pulasitiki, ndipo Zithunzi 6b-d zikuwonetsa AR-TCPT yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa chipangizo cham'manja. AR-TCPT imagwiritsa ntchito kamera ya chipangizocho kuzindikira zizindikiro za chithunzi ndikuwonetsa chinthu cha mano cha 3D chowonjezeredwa pazenera chomwe ophunzirawo angathe kusintha ndikuchiwona nthawi yeniyeni. Mabatani a "Next" ndi "Previous" a chipangizo cham'manja amakulolani kuwona mwatsatanetsatane magawo osema ndi mawonekedwe a mano. Kuti apange dzino, ogwiritsa ntchito AR-TCPT amayerekeza motsatizana chitsanzo cha 3D chowonjezeredwa pazenera cha dzino ndi chotchinga cha sera.
Yesetsani kudula mano. Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa kufananiza pakati pa njira yozolowera kudula mano yachikhalidwe (TCP) pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zapulasitiki ndi TCP pang'onopang'ono pogwiritsa ntchito zida zodziwikiratu zenizeni. Ophunzira amatha kuwona masitepe ojambulira a 3D podina mabatani a Next ndi Previous. a: Chitsanzo cha pulasitiki mu seti ya zitsanzo zodziwikiratu zojambulira mano. b: TCP pogwiritsa ntchito chida chodziwikiratu chenicheni pa gawo loyamba la premolar yoyamba ya mandibular. c: TCP pogwiritsa ntchito chida chodziwikiratu chenicheni pa gawo lomaliza la mapangidwe a premolar yoyamba ya mandibular. d: Njira yodziwira mitsinje ndi mizere. IM, chizindikiro cha chithunzi; MD, chipangizo cham'manja; NSB, batani la "Lotsatira"; PSB, batani la "Lam'mbuyomu"; SMD, chogwirira chipangizo cham'manja; TC, makina ojambulira mano; W, chipolopolo cha sera
Panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magulu awiri a ophunzira osankhidwa mwachisawawa pankhani ya jenda, zaka, malo okhala, ndi luso losema mano (p > 0.05). Gulu lowongolera linali ndi akazi 96.2% (n = 25) ndi amuna 3.8% (n = 1), pomwe gulu loyesera linali ndi akazi okha (n = 26). Gulu lowongolera linali ndi 61.5% (n = 16) a ophunzira azaka 20, 26.9% (n = 7) a ophunzira azaka 21, ndi 11.5% (n = 3) azaka ≥ 22, kenako gulu lowongolera loyesera linali ndi 73.1% (n = 19) azaka 20, 19.2% (n = 5) azaka 21, ndi 7.7% (n = 2) azaka ≥ 22. Ponena za malo okhala, 69.2% (n=18) ya gulu loyang'anira ankakhala ku Gyeonggi-do, ndipo 23.1% (n=6) ankakhala ku Seoul. Poyerekeza, 50.0% (n = 13) ya gulu loyesera ankakhala ku Gyeonggi-do, ndipo 46.2% (n = 12) ankakhala ku Seoul. Chiŵerengero cha magulu owongolera ndi oyesera omwe ankakhala ku Incheon chinali 7.7% (n = 2) ndi 3.8% (n = 1), motsatana. Mu gulu lowongolera, ophunzira 25 (96.2%) sanadziwepo kale za kudula mano. Mofananamo, ophunzira 26 (100%) mu gulu loyesera sanadziwepo kale za kudula mano.
Gome 2 likuwonetsa ziwerengero zofotokozera komanso kufananiza ziwerengero za mayankho a gulu lililonse pazinthu 22 zomwe zafufuzidwa. Panali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa maguluwo pakuyankha chilichonse mwa zinthu 22 zomwe zili ndi mafunso (p < 0.01). Poyerekeza ndi gulu lowongolera, gulu loyesera linali ndi zigoli zapakati pa zinthu 21 zomwe zili ndi mafunso. Pa funso 20 (Q20) lokha la mafunso ndi pomwe gulu lowongolera linapeza zigoli zambiri kuposa gulu loyesera. Histogram yomwe ili mu Chithunzi 7 ikuwonetsa kusiyana kwa zigoli zapakati pakati pa magulu. Gome 2; Chithunzi 7 chikuwonetsanso zotsatira za zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito adakumana nazo pa projekiti iliyonse. Mu gulu lowongolera, chinthu chomwe chidapeza zigoli zambiri chinali ndi funso Q21, ndipo chinthu chomwe chidapeza zigoli zochepa chinali ndi funso Q6. Mu gulu loyesera, chinthu chomwe chidapeza zigoli zambiri chinali ndi funso Q13, ndipo chinthu chomwe chidapeza zigoli zochepa chinali ndi funso Q20. Monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Chithunzi 7, kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa gulu lowongolera ndi gulu loyesera kumawonekera mu Q6, ndipo kusiyana kochepa kwambiri kumawonekera mu Q22.
Kuyerekeza zigoli za mafunso. Grafu ya mipiringidzo kuyerekeza zigoli zapakati pa gulu lowongolera pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha pulasitiki ndi gulu loyesera pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya augmented reality. AR-TCPT, chida chophunzitsira mano chogwiritsa ntchito augmented reality.
Ukadaulo wa AR ukutchuka kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana a mano, kuphatikizapo kukongola kwachipatala, opaleshoni ya pakamwa, ukadaulo wobwezeretsa, mawonekedwe a mano ndi implantology, ndi simulation [28, 29, 30, 31]. Mwachitsanzo, Microsoft HoloLens imapereka zida zapamwamba zowonjezeredwa zenizeni kuti ziwongolere maphunziro a mano ndi kukonzekera opaleshoni [32]. Ukadaulo wa Virtual Real umaperekanso malo oyeserera pophunzitsa mawonekedwe a mano [33]. Ngakhale kuti zowonetsera zamakonozi zokhazikika pamutu zomwe zimadalira hardware sizinapezeke kwambiri mu maphunziro a mano, mapulogalamu a AR apafoni amatha kupititsa patsogolo luso logwiritsa ntchito kuchipatala ndikuthandizira ogwiritsa ntchito kumvetsetsa mwachangu kapangidwe ka mano [34, 35]. Ukadaulo wa AR ukhozanso kuwonjezera chilimbikitso cha ophunzira komanso chidwi chophunzira mawonekedwe a mano ndikupereka chidziwitso cholumikizirana komanso chosangalatsa [36]. Zida zophunzirira za AR zimathandiza ophunzira kuwona njira zovuta za mano ndi kapangidwe ka thupi mu 3D [37], zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti amvetsetse mawonekedwe a mano.
Zotsatira za zitsanzo za mano zosindikizidwa ndi pulasitiki za 3D pakuphunzitsa mawonekedwe a mano zili bwino kale kuposa mabuku okhala ndi zithunzi ndi mafotokozedwe a 2D [38]. Komabe, kusintha kwa maphunziro ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo kwapangitsa kuti pakhale kofunikira kuyambitsa zida ndi ukadaulo wosiyanasiyana mu maphunziro azaumoyo ndi azachipatala, kuphatikiza maphunziro a mano [35]. Aphunzitsi akukumana ndi vuto lophunzitsa mfundo zovuta m'munda womwe ukusintha mwachangu komanso mosinthasintha [39], zomwe zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito kuphatikiza zitsanzo zachikhalidwe za utomoni wa mano kuti zithandize ophunzira muzojambula mano. Chifukwa chake, kafukufukuyu akupereka chida chothandiza cha AR-TCPT chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa AR kuti chithandize muzojambula mano.
Kafukufuku wokhudza zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito pa mapulogalamu a AR ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti amvetsetse zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kugwiritsa ntchito ma multimedia [40]. Chidziwitso chabwino cha ogwiritsa ntchito a AR chingathe kudziwa komwe akupita komanso momwe akupitira patsogolo, kuphatikizapo cholinga chake, kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino, kuwonetsa chidziwitso, komanso kuyanjana [41]. Monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Table 2, kupatula Q20, gulu loyesera lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito AR-TCPT linalandira ziwongola dzanja zapamwamba za ogwiritsa ntchito poyerekeza ndi gulu lowongolera lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya pulasitiki. Poyerekeza ndi mitundu ya pulasitiki, chidziwitso chogwiritsa ntchito AR-TCPT pochita zosema mano chinali chovomerezeka kwambiri. Kuyesa kumaphatikizapo kumvetsetsa, kuwona, kuwona, kubwerezabwereza, kugwiritsa ntchito zida, komanso malingaliro osiyanasiyana. Ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito AR-TCPT umaphatikizapo kumvetsetsa mwachangu, kuyenda bwino, kusunga nthawi, kukulitsa luso losema asanachite opaleshoni, kufalikira kwathunthu, kuphunzira bwino, kuchepetsa kudalira mabuku, komanso momwe chidziwitsocho chimagwirizanirana, kusangalatsa, komanso chidziwitso. AR-TCPT imathandizanso kuyanjana ndi zida zina zochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi ndipo imapereka malingaliro omveka bwino kuchokera ku malingaliro osiyanasiyana.
Monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 7, AR-TCPT inapereka mfundo yowonjezera mu funso 20: mawonekedwe owonetsera bwino omwe akuwonetsa njira zonse zodulira mano ndizofunikira kuti ophunzira azitha kudula mano. Kuwonetsa njira yonse yodulira mano ndikofunikira kwambiri pakukulitsa luso lodulira mano musanachiritse odwala. Gulu loyeserali linapeza zigoli zapamwamba kwambiri mu Q13, funso lofunikira lokhudzana ndi kuthandiza kukulitsa luso lodulira mano ndikukweza luso la ogwiritsa ntchito musanachiritse odwala, kuwonetsa kuthekera kwa chida ichi muzochita zodulira mano. Ogwiritsa ntchito akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito maluso omwe amaphunzira kuchipatala. Komabe, maphunziro otsatira amafunikira kuti awone kukula ndi kugwira ntchito kwa luso lenileni lodulira mano. Funso 6 linafunsa ngati mitundu ya pulasitiki ndi AR-TCTP zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati pakufunika kutero, ndipo mayankho a funsoli adawonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa magulu awiriwa. Monga pulogalamu yam'manja, AR-TCPT yakhala yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito poyerekeza ndi mitundu ya pulasitiki. Komabe, zikuvutabe kutsimikizira kugwira ntchito bwino kwa mapulogalamu a AR kutengera zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito akumana nazo okha. Maphunziro ena akufunika kuti awone momwe AR-TCTP imakhudzira mapiritsi a mano omalizidwa. Komabe, mu kafukufukuyu, kuchuluka kwa AR-TCPT komwe ogwiritsa ntchito amalandira kukuwonetsa kuthekera kwake ngati chida chothandiza.
Kafukufuku woyerekezayu akuwonetsa kuti AR-TCPT ikhoza kukhala njira ina yabwino kapena yowonjezera ku zitsanzo zapulasitiki zachikhalidwe m'maofesi a mano, chifukwa idalandira mavoti abwino kwambiri pankhani ya zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito akumana nazo. Komabe, kudziwa kuchuluka kwake kudzafuna kuyesedwa kwina ndi aphunzitsi a fupa losema lapakati ndi lomaliza. Kuphatikiza apo, mphamvu ya kusiyana kwa munthu payekha pa luso lozindikira malo pa njira yosema ndi dzino lomaliza iyeneranso kufufuzidwa. Mphamvu za mano zimasiyana kuchokera kwa munthu ndi munthu, zomwe zingakhudze njira yosema ndi dzino lomaliza. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wowonjezereka akufunika kuti atsimikizire kugwira ntchito kwa AR-TCPT ngati chida chogwiritsira ntchito njira yosema mano ndikumvetsetsa ntchito yosinthira ndi yolumikizira ya kugwiritsa ntchito AR mu njira yosema. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo ayenera kuyang'ana pakuwunika chitukuko ndi kuwunika kwa zida za mawonekedwe a mano pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba wa HoloLens AR.
Mwachidule, kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuthekera kwa AR-TCPT ngati chida chogwiritsira ntchito posema mano chifukwa chimapatsa ophunzira chidziwitso chatsopano komanso chogwirizana chophunzirira. Poyerekeza ndi gulu lachitsanzo cha pulasitiki, gulu la AR-TCPT linawonetsa zigoli zapamwamba kwambiri zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito, kuphatikizapo zabwino monga kumvetsetsa mwachangu, kuphunzira bwino, komanso kuchepetsa kudalira mabuku. Ndi ukadaulo wake wodziwika bwino komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta, AR-TCPT imapereka njira ina yabwino m'malo mwa zida zapulasitiki zachikhalidwe ndipo ingathandize oyamba kumene kujambula zithunzi za 3D. Komabe, kafukufuku wowonjezereka akufunika kuti awone momwe maphunziro ake amagwirira ntchito, kuphatikizapo momwe amakhudzira luso la anthu losema komanso kuchuluka kwa mano osema.
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Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-25-2023