Kuphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wophatikiza zithunzi za 3D ndi njira yophunzirira yochokera ku mavuto mu maphunziro azachipatala okhudzana ndi opaleshoni ya msana.
Onse pamodzi, ophunzira 106 a maphunziro a zaka zisanu mu "Clinical Medicine" apadera adasankhidwa kukhala ophunzira a kafukufukuyu, omwe mu 2021 adzakhala ndi internship mu dipatimenti ya mafupa ku chipatala chogwirizana cha Xuzhou Medical University. Ophunzirawa adagawidwa mwachisawawa m'magulu oyesera ndi owongolera, ndi ophunzira 53 m'gulu lililonse. Gulu loyesera lidagwiritsa ntchito kuphatikiza ukadaulo wa zithunzi za 3D ndi njira yophunzirira ya PBL, pomwe gulu lowongolera lidagwiritsa ntchito njira yachikhalidwe yophunzirira. Pambuyo pa maphunziro, kugwira ntchito bwino kwa maphunziro m'magulu awiriwa kunayerekezeredwa pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso ndi mafunso.
Chiwerengero chonse cha mayeso a chiphunzitso cha ophunzira a gulu loyesera chinali chokwera kuposa cha ophunzira a gulu lowongolera. Ophunzira a magulu awiriwa adayesa magiredi awo pawokha mu phunziroli, pomwe magiredi a ophunzira a gulu loyesera anali apamwamba kuposa a ophunzira a gulu lowongolera (P < 0.05). Chidwi pa kuphunzira, mlengalenga mkalasi, kuyanjana mkalasi, ndi kukhutira ndi kuphunzitsa zinali zokwera pakati pa ophunzira mgulu loyesera kuposa gulu lowongolera (P < 0.05).
Kuphatikiza ukadaulo wa kujambula zithunzi za 3D ndi njira yophunzirira ya PBL pophunzitsa opaleshoni ya msana kungathandize ophunzira kuphunzira bwino komanso kukhala ndi chidwi, komanso kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha kuganiza kwa ophunzira.
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso cha zachipatala ndi ukadaulo, funso la mtundu wa maphunziro azachipatala omwe angachepetse bwino nthawi yomwe imatenga kuti anthu asinthe kuchoka pa ophunzira azachipatala kupita ku madokotala ndikukulitsa anthu abwino mwachangu lakhala nkhani yodetsa nkhawa. [1]. Kuchita zachipatala ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa kuganiza zachipatala ndi luso lothandiza la ophunzira azachipatala. Makamaka, opaleshoni imafuna zofunikira kwambiri pa luso lothandiza la ophunzira komanso chidziwitso cha thupi la munthu.
Pakadali pano, kalembedwe ka maphunziro achikhalidwe kakupitilirabe m'masukulu ndi zamankhwala [2]. Njira yophunzitsira yachikhalidwe imayang'ana kwambiri aphunzitsi: mphunzitsi amaima pa pulatifomu ndipo amapereka chidziwitso kwa ophunzira kudzera munjira zophunzitsira zachikhalidwe monga mabuku ndi maphunziro a multimedia. Maphunziro onse amaphunzitsidwa ndi aphunzitsi. Ophunzira ambiri amamvetsera maphunziro, mwayi wokambirana kwaulere ndi mafunso ndi ochepa. Chifukwa chake, njirayi imatha kusanduka njira yophunzitsira ya mbali imodzi kwa aphunzitsi pomwe ophunzira amavomereza mosavuta mkhalidwewo. Chifukwa chake, pophunzitsa, aphunzitsi nthawi zambiri amapeza kuti chidwi cha ophunzira pakuphunzira sichili chachikulu, changu sichili chachikulu, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala zoyipa. Kuphatikiza apo, n'zovuta kufotokoza momveka bwino kapangidwe kovuta ka msana pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi za 2D monga PPT, mabuku a anatomy ndi zithunzi, ndipo sizophweka kuti ophunzira amvetse ndikuzindikira chidziwitsochi [3].
Mu 1969, njira yatsopano yophunzitsira, yophunzirira pogwiritsa ntchito mavuto (PBL), inayesedwa ku McMaster University School of Medicine ku Canada. Mosiyana ndi njira zophunzitsira zachikhalidwe, njira yophunzirira ya PBL imagwira ophunzira ngati gawo lofunika kwambiri la njira yophunzirira ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito mafunso oyenera ngati chilimbikitso kuti ophunzira athe kuphunzira, kukambirana ndi kugwirizana paokha m'magulu, kufunsa mafunso mwachangu ndikupeza mayankho m'malo mongowalandira mopanda kungokhala chete. , 5]. Mu ndondomeko yofufuza ndikuthetsa mavuto, pangani luso la ophunzira lophunzira paokha komanso kuganiza mwanzeru [6]. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa cha chitukuko cha ukadaulo wazachipatala wa digito, njira zophunzitsira zachipatala nazonso zalimbikitsidwa kwambiri. Ukadaulo wa kujambula zithunzi za 3D (3DV) umatenga deta yosaphika kuchokera ku zithunzi zachipatala, ndikuyiyika mu pulogalamu yopangira zitsanzo kuti imangidwenso 3D, kenako ndikukonza detayo kuti apange chitsanzo cha 3D. Njirayi imagonjetsa zofooka za chitsanzo chachikhalidwe chophunzitsira, imakopa chidwi cha ophunzira m'njira zambiri ndikuthandiza ophunzira kudziwa mwachangu kapangidwe kazovuta ka thupi [7, 8], makamaka pamaphunziro a mafupa. Chifukwa chake, nkhaniyi ikuphatikiza njira ziwirizi kuti iphunzire zotsatira zophatikiza ukadaulo wa PBL ndi 3DV ndi njira yophunzirira yachikhalidwe pogwiritsira ntchito. Zotsatira zake ndi izi.
Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu chinali ophunzira 106 omwe adalowa mu chipatala chathu cha opaleshoni ya msana mu 2021, omwe adagawidwa m'magulu oyesera ndi owongolera pogwiritsa ntchito tebulo la manambala osasinthika, ophunzira 53 m'gulu lililonse. Gulu loyesera linali ndi amuna 25 ndi akazi 28 azaka zapakati pa 21 ndi 23, apakati pa zaka 22.6±0.8. Gulu lowongolera linali ndi amuna 26 ndi akazi 27 azaka zapakati pa 21-24, apakati pa zaka 22.6±0.9, ophunzira onse ndi ophunzira. Panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zaka ndi jenda pakati pa magulu awiriwa (P>0.05).
Zofunikira zophatikizidwa ndi izi: (1) Ophunzira a chaka chachinayi a digiri yoyamba ya zachipatala; (2) Ophunzira omwe angathe kufotokoza momveka bwino momwe akumvera; (3) Ophunzira omwe angathe kumvetsetsa ndi kutenga nawo mbali modzipereka mu ndondomeko yonse ya kafukufukuyu ndikusaina fomu yovomerezeka. Zofunikira zochotsedwa ndi izi: (1) Ophunzira omwe sakwaniritsa zofunikira zilizonse zophatikizidwa; (2) Ophunzira omwe sakufuna kutenga nawo mbali mu maphunzirowa pazifukwa zawo; (3) Ophunzira omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chophunzitsa cha PBL.
Lowetsani deta ya CT mu pulogalamu yoyeserera ndikulowetsa chitsanzo chomangidwacho mu pulogalamu yapadera yophunzitsira kuti chiwonetsedwe. Chitsanzocho chili ndi minofu ya mafupa, ma disc a intervertebral ndi mitsempha ya msana (Chithunzi 1). Zigawo zosiyanasiyana zikuyimiridwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndipo chitsanzocho chikhoza kukulitsidwa ndikuzunguliridwa momwe mukufunira. Ubwino waukulu wa njira iyi ndikuti zigawo za CT zitha kuyikidwa pa chitsanzocho ndipo kuwonekera bwino kwa zigawo zosiyanasiyana kumatha kusinthidwa kuti zipewe kutsekedwa.
a Mawonekedwe Akumbuyo ndi b Mawonekedwe Akumbali. mu L1, L3 ndi chiuno cha chitsanzocho chili chowonekera bwino. d Mukaphatikiza chithunzi cha CT ndi chitsanzocho, mutha kuchisuntha mmwamba ndi pansi kuti muyike mapulaneti osiyanasiyana a CT. e Kuphatikiza chitsanzo cha zithunzi za CT za sagittal ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malangizo obisika pokonza L1 ndi L3
Mfundo zazikulu za maphunzirowa ndi izi: 1) Kuzindikira ndi kuchiza matenda ofala mu opaleshoni ya msana; 2) Kudziwa kapangidwe ka msana, kuganiza ndi kumvetsetsa momwe matenda amachitikira ndi kukula kwake; 3) Makanema ogwirira ntchito ophunzitsa chidziwitso choyambira. Magawo a opaleshoni ya msana wamba, 4) Kuwonetsa matenda wamba mu opaleshoni ya msana, 5) Chidziwitso chachikale cha chiphunzitso choyenera kukumbukira, kuphatikiza chiphunzitso cha msana wa Dennis wokhala ndi magawo atatu, kugawa kwa kusweka kwa msana, ndi kugawa kwa msana wa herniated lumbar.
Gulu loyesera: Njira yophunzitsira imaphatikizidwa ndi ukadaulo wa PBL ndi 3D imaging. Njirayi ikuphatikizapo zinthu zotsatirazi. 1) Kukonzekera milandu yodziwika bwino ya opaleshoni ya msana: Kambiranani za milandu ya cervical spondylosis, lumbar disc herniation, ndi pyramidal compression fractures, ndipo nkhani iliyonse imayang'ana kwambiri mfundo zosiyanasiyana za chidziwitso. Milandu, zitsanzo za 3D ndi makanema ochitira opaleshoni amatumizidwa kwa ophunzira sabata imodzi isanafike kalasi ndipo akulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha 3D kuyesa chidziwitso cha anatomical. 2) Kukonzekera: Mphindi 10 isanafike kalasi, dziwitsani ophunzira njira yeniyeni yophunzirira PBL, limbikitsani ophunzira kutenga nawo mbali mwachangu, kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi mokwanira, ndikumaliza ntchito mwanzeru. Kugawa magulu kunachitika atalandira chilolezo cha ophunzira onse. Tengani ophunzira 8 mpaka 10 m'gulu, gawani m'magulu momasuka kuti muganizire za zambiri zofufuzira milandu, ganizirani za kudziphunzira nokha, kutenga nawo mbali pazokambirana zamagulu, kuyankhirana, pomaliza fotokozani mfundo zazikulu, kupanga deta yolongosoka, ndikulemba zokambiranazo. Sankhani wophunzira yemwe ali ndi luso lamphamvu lokonzekera komanso lolankhula bwino ngati mtsogoleri wa gulu kuti akonze zokambirana zamagulu ndi mawonetsero. 3) Buku Lotsogolera Aphunzitsi: Aphunzitsi amagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yoyeserera pofotokoza kapangidwe ka msana pamodzi ndi milandu yanthawi zonse, ndikulola ophunzira kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamuyo mwachangu kuchita ntchito monga kukulitsa, kuzungulira, kusintha CT ndikusintha mawonekedwe a minofu; Kuti amvetsetse bwino komanso kukumbukira kapangidwe ka matendawa, ndikuwathandiza kuganiza pawokha za kulumikizana kwakukulu pakuyamba, chitukuko ndi momwe matendawa amachitikira. 4) Kusinthana maganizo ndi kukambirana. Poyankha mafunso omwe alembedwa patsogolo pa kalasi, perekani nkhani zokambirana mkalasi ndikuyitanitsa mtsogoleri aliyense wa gulu kuti afotokoze zotsatira za kukambirana kwa gulu pambuyo pa nthawi yokwanira yokambirana. Panthawiyi, gululo likhoza kufunsa mafunso ndikuthandizirana, pomwe mphunzitsi ayenera kulemba mosamala ndikumvetsetsa njira zoganizira za ophunzira ndi mavuto omwe amabwera nawo. 5) Chidule: Pambuyo pokambirana za ophunzira, mphunzitsi adzapereka ndemanga pa zomwe ophunzira akuchita, kufotokoza mwachidule ndikuyankha mwatsatanetsatane mafunso ena ofala komanso otsutsana, ndikuwonetsa njira yophunzirira mtsogolo kuti ophunzira athe kusintha njira yophunzitsira ya PBL.
Gulu lowongolera limagwiritsa ntchito njira yophunzirira yachikhalidwe, kulangiza ophunzira kuti aziwoneratu zinthuzo asanayambe kalasi. Pofuna kuphunzitsa anthu za chiphunzitso, aphunzitsi amagwiritsa ntchito ma whiteboard, maphunziro a multimedia, zipangizo zamakanema, zitsanzo ndi zina zothandizira pophunzitsa, komanso kukonza maphunziro motsatira zida zophunzitsira. Monga chowonjezera pa maphunziro, njira iyi imayang'ana kwambiri pazovuta zofunikira komanso mfundo zazikulu za bukuli. Pambuyo pa nkhani, mphunzitsiyo adafotokozera mwachidule zomwe zidalembedwazo ndikulimbikitsa ophunzira kuti azikumbukira ndikumvetsetsa chidziwitso choyenera.
Mogwirizana ndi zomwe zili mu maphunzirowa, mayeso otsekedwa a buku adavomerezedwa. Mafunso ofunikira amasankhidwa kuchokera ku mafunso oyenera omwe amafunsidwa ndi akatswiri azachipatala kwa zaka zambiri. Mafunso okhudzana ndi zomwe munthu akufunsa amapangidwa ndi Dipatimenti ya Mafupa ndipo pamapeto pake amawunikidwa ndi aphunzitsi omwe salemba mayeso. Tengani nawo mbali pakuphunzira. Mayeso onse ndi mapointi 100, ndipo zomwe zili mkati mwake zimaphatikizapo magawo awiri otsatirawa: 1) Mafunso okhudzana ndi cholinga (makamaka mafunso osankha mayankho angapo), omwe makamaka amayesa luso la ophunzira pazinthu zodziwa, zomwe ndi 50% ya zigoli zonse; 2) Mafunso okhudzana ndi zomwe munthu akufunsa (mafunso ofufuza milandu), makamaka olunjika pa kumvetsetsa ndi kusanthula matenda mwadongosolo kwa ophunzira, zomwe ndi 50% ya zigoli zonse.
Pamapeto pa maphunzirowa, mafunso okhala ndi magawo awiri ndi mafunso asanu ndi anayi adaperekedwa. Zomwe zili m'mafunsowa zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zaperekedwa patebulo, ndipo ophunzira ayenera kuyankha mafunso pazinthuzi ndi mfundo zonse 10 ndi mfundo yosachepera 1. Zigoli zapamwamba zimasonyeza kukhutitsidwa kwakukulu kwa ophunzira. Mafunso omwe ali mu Table 2 ndi okhudza ngati kuphatikiza njira zophunzirira za PBL ndi 3DV kungathandize ophunzira kumvetsetsa chidziwitso chovuta chaukadaulo. Zinthu za Table 3 zikuwonetsa kukhutitsidwa kwa ophunzira ndi njira zonse ziwiri zophunzirira.
Deta yonse idasanthulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya SPSS 25; zotsatira za mayeso zidafotokozedwa ngati mean ± standard deviation (x ± s). Deta yochuluka idasanthulidwa ndi ANOVA ya njira imodzi, deta yolondola idasanthulidwa ndi mayeso a χ2, ndipo kukonza kwa Bonferroni kudagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza zingapo. Kusiyana kwakukulu (P<0.05).
Zotsatira za kusanthula ziwerengero za magulu awiriwa zasonyeza kuti zigoli pa mafunso ofunikira (mafunso osankha angapo) a ophunzira a gulu lowongolera anali apamwamba kwambiri kuposa a ophunzira a gulu loyesera (P < 0.05), ndipo zigoli za ophunzira a gulu lowongolera zinali zapamwamba kwambiri, kuposa ophunzira a gulu loyesera (P < 0.05). Zigoli za mafunso odziyimira pawokha (mafunso owunikira milandu) a ophunzira a gulu loyesera zinali zapamwamba kwambiri kuposa za ophunzira a gulu lowongolera (P < 0.01), onani Gome. 1.
Mafunso osadziwika anaperekedwa pambuyo pa makalasi onse. Ponseponse, mafunso 106 anaperekedwa, 106 mwa iwo anabwezeretsedwa, pomwe kuchuluka kwa kuchira kunali 100.0%. Mafomu onse adzazidwa. Kuyerekeza zotsatira za kafukufuku wa mafunso pa kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso chaukadaulo pakati pa magulu awiri a ophunzira kunawonetsa kuti ophunzira a gulu loyesera amadziwa magawo akuluakulu a opaleshoni ya msana, chidziwitso cha mapulani, magulu akale a matenda, ndi zina zotero. Kusiyanako kunali kofunikira kwambiri pa ziwerengero (P<0.05) monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Table 2.
Kuyerekeza mayankho a mafunso okhudzana ndi kukhutitsidwa kwa kuphunzitsa pakati pa magulu awiriwa: ophunzira omwe ali mgulu loyesera adapeza zigoli zambiri kuposa ophunzira omwe ali mgulu lolamulira pankhani ya chidwi chawo pa kuphunzira, momwe kalasi ilili, momwe amagwirira ntchito mkalasi, komanso kukhutitsidwa ndi kuphunzitsa. Kusiyanaku kunali kofunikira kwambiri pa ziwerengero (P<0.05). Zambiri zikuwonetsedwa mu Gome 3.
Chifukwa cha kuchulukana kosalekeza ndi chitukuko cha sayansi ndi ukadaulo, makamaka pamene tikulowa m'zaka za m'ma 2000, ntchito zachipatala m'zipatala zikuchulukirachulukira. Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti ophunzira azachipatala azitha kusintha mwachangu ntchito zachipatala ndikupanga maluso apamwamba azachipatala kuti apindule anthu, maphunziro achikhalidwe komanso njira yogwirizana yophunzirira amakumana ndi zovuta pothetsa mavuto azachipatala. Njira yachikhalidwe yophunzitsira zachipatala m'dziko langa ili ndi ubwino wa chidziwitso chochuluka m'kalasi, zosowa zochepa zachilengedwe, komanso njira yophunzitsira yomwe ingakwaniritse zosowa zophunzitsa maphunziro a zamaganizo [9]. Komabe, mtundu uwu wa maphunziro ungayambitse kusiyana pakati pa chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe, kuchepa kwa chidwi ndi chidwi cha ophunzira pakuphunzira, kulephera kusanthula mokwanira matenda ovuta muzochita zachipatala, motero, sikungakwaniritse zofunikira za maphunziro apamwamba azachipatala. M'zaka zaposachedwa, kuchuluka kwa opaleshoni ya msana m'dziko langa kwawonjezeka mofulumira, ndipo kuphunzitsa opaleshoni ya msana kwakumana ndi mavuto atsopano. Pakuphunzitsa ophunzira azachipatala, gawo lovuta kwambiri la opaleshoni ndi la mafupa, makamaka opaleshoni ya msana. Mfundo zodziwitsa ndi zazing'ono ndipo sizikhudza kufooka kwa msana ndi matenda okha, komanso kuvulala ndi zotupa zamafupa. Malingaliro awa si ongoganizira chabe komanso ovuta, komanso amagwirizana kwambiri ndi kapangidwe ka thupi, matenda, kujambula zithunzi, biomechanics, ndi maphunziro ena, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zomwe zili mkati mwake zikhale zovuta kumvetsetsa ndi kukumbukira. Nthawi yomweyo, madera ambiri ochitira opaleshoni ya msana akukula mofulumira, ndipo chidziwitso chomwe chili m'mabuku omwe alipo ndi chakale, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti aphunzitsi azivutika kuphunzitsa. Chifukwa chake, kusintha njira yophunzitsira yachikhalidwe ndikuphatikiza zomwe zachitika posachedwapa mu kafukufuku wapadziko lonse lapansi kungapangitse kuti kuphunzitsa chidziwitso choyenera cha chiphunzitso kukhale kothandiza, kupititsa patsogolo luso la ophunzira kuganiza mwanzeru, ndikulimbikitsa ophunzira kuganiza mozama. Zofooka izi munjira yophunzirira yomwe ilipo ziyenera kuthetsedwa mwachangu kuti tifufuze malire ndi zofooka za chidziwitso chamankhwala chamakono ndikugonjetsa zopinga zachikhalidwe [10].
Njira yophunzirira ya PBL ndi njira yophunzirira yokhazikika pa ophunzira. Kudzera mu kuphunzira kodziyimira pawokha, kuphunzira pawokha komanso kukambirana kolumikizana, ophunzira amatha kutulutsa chidwi chawo chonse ndikuchoka pa kuvomereza chidziwitso mosachitapo kanthu kupita ku kutenga nawo mbali mwachangu pophunzitsa kwa mphunzitsi. Poyerekeza ndi njira yophunzirira yochokera ku maphunziro, ophunzira omwe akutenga nawo mbali mu njira yophunzirira ya PBL ali ndi nthawi yokwanira yogwiritsira ntchito mabuku, intaneti, ndi mapulogalamu kuti afufuze mayankho a mafunso, kuganiza pawokha, ndikukambirana mitu yokhudzana nawo m'gulu. Njirayi imapanga luso la ophunzira kuganiza pawokha, kusanthula mavuto ndikuthetsa mavuto [11]. Mu njira yokambirana mwaulere, ophunzira osiyanasiyana amatha kukhala ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana pankhani yomweyi, zomwe zimapatsa ophunzira nsanja yokulitsa kuganiza kwawo. Pangani kuganiza kolenga ndi luso loganiza mwanzeru kudzera mu kuganiza kosalekeza, ndikukulitsa luso lolankhula pakamwa komanso mzimu wa gulu kudzera mukulankhulana pakati pa ophunzira m'kalasi [12]. Chofunika kwambiri, kuphunzitsa PBL kumalola ophunzira kumvetsetsa momwe angafufuzire, kukonza ndikugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso choyenera, kudziwa njira zophunzitsira zoyenera ndikukweza luso lawo lonse [13]. Pa nthawi yophunzira, tinapeza kuti ophunzira anali ndi chidwi chofuna kuphunzira momwe angagwiritsire ntchito mapulogalamu ojambula zithunzi za 3D kuposa kumvetsetsa mfundo zosasangalatsa zachipatala kuchokera m'mabuku, kotero mu phunziro lathu, ophunzira omwe ali m'gulu loyesera nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chidwi chotenga nawo mbali mu njira yophunzirira. Aphunzitsi ayenera kulimbikitsa ophunzira kulankhula molimba mtima, kukulitsa chidziwitso cha ophunzira pa nkhani, ndikulimbikitsa chidwi chawo chotenga nawo mbali pazokambirana. Zotsatira za mayeso zikuwonetsa kuti, malinga ndi chidziwitso cha kukumbukira kwamakina, magwiridwe antchito a ophunzira omwe ali m'gulu loyesera ndi otsika kuposa a gulu lowongolera, komabe, pakusanthula mlandu wazachipatala, womwe umafuna kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chofunikira movuta, magwiridwe antchito a ophunzira omwe ali m'gulu loyesera ndi abwino kwambiri kuposa omwe ali m'gulu lowongolera, zomwe zimagogomezera ubale pakati pa 3DV ndi gulu lowongolera. Ubwino wophatikiza mankhwala achikhalidwe. Njira yophunzitsira ya PBL cholinga chake ndikukulitsa luso lonse la ophunzira.
Kuphunzitsa za kapangidwe ka thupi la munthu ndiko pakati pa chiphunzitso chachipatala cha opaleshoni ya msana. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kovuta ka msana komanso kuti opaleshoniyo imakhudza minofu yofunika monga chingwe cha msana, mitsempha ya msana, ndi mitsempha yamagazi, ophunzira ayenera kukhala ndi malingaliro a malo kuti aphunzire. Poyamba, ophunzira ankagwiritsa ntchito zithunzi za mbali ziwiri monga zithunzi za m'mabuku ndi zithunzi za kanema pofotokoza chidziwitso choyenera, koma ngakhale kuti panali zinthu zambiri chonchi, ophunzira analibe lingaliro lachilengedwe komanso la mbali zitatu pankhaniyi, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kumvetsetsa. Poganizira za mawonekedwe ovuta a thupi ndi matenda a msana, monga ubale pakati pa mitsempha ya msana ndi zigawo za thupi la msana, pa mfundo zina zofunika komanso zovuta, monga kufotokoza ndi kugawa mabala a msana wa msana. Ophunzira ambiri adanena kuti zomwe zimachitika pa opaleshoni ya msana ndi zosamveka bwino, ndipo sangathe kuzimvetsa bwino panthawi ya maphunziro awo, ndipo chidziwitso chophunziridwa chimaiwalika posachedwa pambuyo pa kalasi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta pantchito yeniyeni.
Pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wowonera wa 3D, wolembayo amapatsa ophunzira zithunzi zomveka bwino za 3D, zomwe mbali zake zosiyanasiyana zimayimiridwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa cha ntchito monga kuzungulira, kukula ndi kuwonekera bwino, chitsanzo cha msana ndi zithunzi za CT zimatha kuwonedwa m'magawo. Sikuti mawonekedwe a thupi la msana amangowoneka bwino kokha, komanso zimathandizira chikhumbo cha ophunzira kuti apeze chithunzi chosasangalatsa cha CT cha msana. komanso kulimbitsa chidziwitso m'munda wowonera. Mosiyana ndi zitsanzo ndi zida zophunzitsira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kale, ntchito yowunikira yowunikira imatha kuthetsa vuto la kutsekedwa, ndipo ndikosavuta kwa ophunzira kuwona kapangidwe kabwino ka thupi ndi njira yovuta ya mitsempha, makamaka kwa oyamba kumene. Ophunzira amatha kugwira ntchito momasuka bola atabweretsa makompyuta awoawo, ndipo palibe ndalama zolipirira. Njira iyi ndi njira yabwino yosinthira maphunziro achikhalidwe pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi za 2D [14]. Mu kafukufukuyu, gulu lowongolera lidachita bwino pamafunso ofunikira, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti chitsanzo chophunzitsira nkhani sichingakanidwe kotheratu ndipo chikadali ndi phindu linalake pophunzitsa zachipatala za opaleshoni ya msana. Kupeza kumeneku kunatipangitsa kuganizira ngati tingaphatikize njira yophunzirira yachikhalidwe ndi njira yophunzirira ya PBL yowonjezeredwa ndi ukadaulo wowonera wa 3D, womwe umayang'ana mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mayeso ndi ophunzira amitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuti tiwonjezere zotsatira zamaphunziro. Komabe, sizikudziwika ngati njira ziwirizi zingaphatikizidwe komanso momwe ophunzira angavomereze kuphatikiza kotereku, komwe kungakhale njira yofufuzira mtsogolo. Kafukufukuyu akukumananso ndi zovuta zina monga kutsimikiza komwe kungachitike pamene ophunzira amaliza kufunsa mafunso atazindikira kuti atenga nawo mbali mu njira yatsopano yophunzitsira. Kuyesera uku kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha pankhani ya opaleshoni ya msana ndipo mayeso ena amafunikira ngati angagwiritsidwe ntchito pophunzitsa maphunziro onse opaleshoni.
Timaphatikiza ukadaulo wa kujambula zithunzi za 3D ndi njira yophunzitsira ya PBL, kuthana ndi zofooka za njira yophunzitsira yachikhalidwe ndi zida zophunzitsira, ndikuphunzira momwe kuphatikiza kumeneku kumagwiritsidwira ntchito pophunzitsa odwala opaleshoni ya msana. Potengera zotsatira za mayeso, zotsatira za mayeso a ophunzira a gulu loyesera ndizabwino kuposa za ophunzira a gulu lowongolera (P < 0.05), ndipo chidziwitso chaukadaulo ndi kukhutira ndi maphunziro a ophunzira a gulu loyesera ndizobwino kuposa za ophunzira a gulu lowongolera (P < 0.05). Zotsatira za kafukufuku wa mafunso zinali zabwino kuposa za gulu lowongolera (P < 0.05). Chifukwa chake, zoyeserera zathu zikutsimikizira kuti kuphatikiza kwa ukadaulo wa PBL ndi 3DV ndikothandiza pothandiza ophunzira kuganiza mozama, kupeza chidziwitso chaukadaulo, ndikuwonjezera chidwi chawo pakuphunzira.
Kuphatikiza kwa ukadaulo wa PBL ndi 3DV kungathandize kwambiri kuti ophunzira azachipatala azichita bwino ntchito yawo yochita opaleshoni ya msana, kukulitsa luso lawo lophunzira komanso chidwi chawo, komanso kuthandiza ophunzira kukulitsa kuganiza bwino kwawo. Ukadaulo wa kujambula zithunzi za 3D uli ndi ubwino waukulu pophunzitsa kapangidwe ka thupi, ndipo zotsatira zake zonse zimakhala zabwino kuposa njira yophunzitsira yachikhalidwe.
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Olemba onse adathandizira pa lingaliro ndi kapangidwe ka kafukufukuyu. Kukonzekera zinthu, kusonkhanitsa deta ndi kusanthula kunachitika ndi Sun Maji, Chu Fuchao ndi Feng Yuan. Cholembedwa choyamba cha cholembedwacho chinalembedwa ndi Chunjiu Gao, ndipo olemba onse adapereka ndemanga pa mabaibulo akale a cholembedwacho. Olembawo adawerenga ndikuvomereza cholembedwacho chomaliza.
Kafukufukuyu adavomerezedwa ndi Xuzhou Medical University Affiliate Hospital Ethics Committee (XYFY2017-JS029-01). Ophunzira onse adavomereza kafukufukuyu asanayambe, anthu onse anali achikulire athanzi, ndipo kafukufukuyu sanaphwanye Chikalata cha Helsinki. Onetsetsani kuti njira zonse zachitidwa motsatira malangizo ndi malamulo oyenera.
Springer Nature salowerera ndale pankhani zokhudzana ndi ulamuliro m'mapu ofalitsidwa komanso mgwirizano wa mabungwe.
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Sun Ming, Chu Fang, Gao Cheng, ndi ena. Kujambula zithunzi za 3D pamodzi ndi chitsanzo chophunzirira chozikidwa pamavuto pophunzitsa opaleshoni ya msana BMC Medical Education 22, 840 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03931-5
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Nthawi yotumizira: Sep-04-2023