Ogwira ntchito ayenera kukhala ndi luso loganiza bwino lachipatala kuti apange zisankho zoyenera komanso zotetezeka zachipatala ndikupewa zolakwika pakuchita. Maluso oganiza bwino azachipatala amatha kuwononga chitetezo cha wodwala ndikuchedwetsa chisamaliro kapena chithandizo, makamaka m'madipatimenti osamalira odwala kwambiri komanso azadzidzidzi. Maphunziro ozikidwa pa kuyerekezera amagwiritsa ntchito zokambirana zophunzirira zowunikira pambuyo pa kuyerekezera ngati njira yofotokozera kuti apange luso lolingalira lachipatala pomwe akusunga chitetezo cha wodwala. Komabe, chifukwa cha momwe kulingalira kwachipatala kumakhudzira magawo ambiri, chiopsezo cha kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zowunikira (zongoganizira) komanso zosasanthula (zongoganizira) ndi ophunzira apamwamba komanso achichepere, ndikofunikira kuganizira zomwe akumana nazo, luso, zinthu zokhudzana ndi kuyenda ndi kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso, komanso zovuta za milandu kuti akonze bwino kulingalira kwachipatala pochita nawo zokambirana zophunzirira zamagulu pambuyo pa kuyerekezera ngati njira yofotokozera. Cholinga chathu ndikufotokozera chitukuko cha chitsanzo cha zokambirana zophunzirira zowunikira pambuyo pa kuyerekezera zomwe zimaganizira zinthu zingapo zomwe zimakhudza kukwaniritsa kukonza kulingalira kwachipatala.
Gulu logwira ntchito limodzi (N = 18), lopangidwa ndi madokotala, anamwino, ofufuza, aphunzitsi, ndi oimira odwala, linagwirizana kudzera m'ma workshop osiyanasiyana kuti lipange njira yokambirana yowunikira kuphunzira pambuyo pa kuyerekezera kuti lifotokozere za kuyerekezera. Gulu logwira ntchito limodzi linapanga njirayo kudzera mu njira ya chiphunzitso ndi malingaliro komanso kuwunikanso kwa anzawo kwa magawo ambiri. Kuphatikizana kofanana kwa kafukufuku wowunikira wa plus/minus ndi taxonomy ya Bloom kumakhulupirira kuti kumathandizira kulingalira kwachipatala kwa ophunzira omwe akuchita kuyerekezera pamene akuchita nawo zochitika zoyeserera. Njira zotsimikizira kutsimikizika kwa zomwe zili mu Content validity index (CVI) ndi content validity ratio (CVR) zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhazikitsa kutsimikizika kwa nkhope ndi kutsimikizika kwa zomwe zili mu chitsanzocho.
Chitsanzo cha zokambirana zowunikira kuphunzira pambuyo pa kuyerekezera chinapangidwa ndikuyesedwa. Chitsanzochi chimathandizidwa ndi zitsanzo zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi malangizo olembera. Kutsimikizika kwa nkhope ndi zomwe zili mu chitsanzocho kunayesedwa ndikutsimikiziridwa.
Chitsanzo chatsopano chopangidwa pamodzi chinapangidwa poganizira luso ndi luso la ophunzira osiyanasiyana omwe akuchita nawo chitsanzo, kayendedwe ka chidziwitso ndi kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso, komanso zovuta za zochitika zowonetsera chitsanzo. Zinthu izi zimaganiziridwa kuti zimathandiza kukonza kulingalira kwachipatala pochita nawo zochitika zoyeserera pagulu.
Kuganiza zachipatala kumaonedwa kuti ndi maziko a machitidwe azachipatala mu chisamaliro chaumoyo [1, 2] komanso chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa luso lachipatala [1, 3, 4]. Ndi njira yowunikira yomwe akatswiri amagwiritsa ntchito kuzindikira ndikukhazikitsa njira yoyenera kwambiri pazochitika zilizonse zachipatala zomwe amakumana nazo [5, 6]. Kuganiza zachipatala kumafotokozedwa ngati njira yovuta yoganizira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito njira zoganiza mwalamulo komanso zosavomerezeka kuti isonkhanitse ndikusanthula zambiri zokhudza wodwala, kuwunika kufunika kwa chidziwitsocho, ndikuzindikira kufunika kwa njira zina zochitira [7, 8]. Zimatengera kuthekera kosonkhanitsa zizindikiro, kukonza zambiri, ndikumvetsetsa vuto la wodwalayo kuti achitepo kanthu koyenera kwa wodwala woyenera panthawi yoyenera komanso pazifukwa zoyenera [9, 10].
Opereka chithandizo chamankhwala onse akukumana ndi kufunika kopanga zisankho zovuta m'mikhalidwe yosatsimikizika kwambiri [11]. Mu chisamaliro cha odwala mwadzidzidzi komanso m'machitidwe osamalira odwala mwadzidzidzi, zochitika zachipatala ndi zadzidzidzi zimachitika pomwe kuyankha mwachangu ndi kulowererapo ndikofunikira kwambiri populumutsa miyoyo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti odwala ali otetezeka [12]. Luso lochepa la kulingalira zachipatala komanso luso lochita bwino m'machitidwe osamalira odwala odwala kwambiri limagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zolakwika zachipatala, kuchedwa kwa chisamaliro kapena chithandizo [13] komanso zoopsa ku chitetezo cha odwala [14,15,16]. Kuti apewe zolakwika zenizeni, akatswiri ayenera kukhala aluso komanso kukhala ndi luso loganiza bwino kuti apange zisankho zotetezeka komanso zoyenera [16, 17, 18]. Njira yolingalira yopanda kusanthula (yodziwikiratu) ndi njira yachangu yomwe akatswiri aluso amakonda. Mosiyana ndi izi, njira zoganizira zowunikira (zongoganizira) zimakhala zocheperako, zoganizira mwanzeru, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri osadziwa zambiri [2, 19, 20]. Popeza malo azachipatala ovuta komanso chiopsezo cha zolakwika [14,15,16], maphunziro ozikidwa pa kuyerekezera (SBE) nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupatsa akatswiri mwayi wokulitsa luso ndi luso loganiza zachipatala. malo otetezeka komanso kukumana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana pamene mukusunga chitetezo cha odwala [21, 22, 23, 24].
Bungwe la Society for Simulation in Health (SSH) limatanthauzira kuyerekezera ngati “ukadaulo womwe umapanga mkhalidwe kapena malo omwe anthu amakumana ndi zochitika zenizeni pofuna kuchita, kuphunzitsa, kuwunika, kuyesa, kapena kumvetsetsa machitidwe kapena machitidwe a anthu.” [23] Magawo oyeserera okonzedwa bwino amapatsa ophunzira mwayi wodziyika okha m'zochitika zomwe zimatsanzira zochitika zachipatala pomwe amachepetsa zoopsa zachitetezo [24,25] ndikuchita kulingalira zachipatala kudzera mu mwayi wophunzirira wolunjika [21,24,26,27,28] SBE imakulitsa zochitika zachipatala m'munda, kuwonetsa ophunzira ku zochitika zachipatala zomwe mwina sanakumanepo nazo m'malo enieni osamalira odwala [24, 29]. Iyi ndi malo ophunzirira osawopseza, opanda mlandu, oyang'aniridwa, otetezeka, komanso osaopsa kwambiri. Imalimbikitsa chitukuko cha chidziwitso, luso lachipatala, luso, kuganiza mozama komanso kulingalira zachipatala [22,29,30,31] ndipo ingathandize akatswiri azaumoyo kuthana ndi kupsinjika kwamalingaliro kwa mkhalidwe, motero kukonza luso lophunzirira [22, 27, 28]. , 30, 32].
Kuti tithandizire chitukuko chogwira mtima cha luso loganiza bwino ndi kupanga zisankho kudzera mu SBE, tiyenera kuyang'anitsitsa kapangidwe, template, ndi kapangidwe ka njira yofotokozera pambuyo pa kuyerekezera [24, 33, 34, 35]. Kukambirana kowunikira pambuyo pa kuyerekezera (RLC) kunagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yofotokozera kuti tithandize ophunzira kuganizira, kufotokoza zochita, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yothandizira anzawo ndi kuganiza m'magulu pogwira ntchito limodzi [32, 33, 36]. Kugwiritsa ntchito ma RLC amagulu kuli ndi chiopsezo cha kulingalira kosakwanira kwachipatala, makamaka pokhudzana ndi luso losiyanasiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa ophunzira. Chitsanzo cha njira ziwiri chimafotokoza momwe kulingalira kwachipatala kulili ndi magawo ambiri komanso kusiyana kwa chizolowezi cha akatswiri akuluakulu chogwiritsa ntchito njira zoganizira zowunikira (zongopeka-zochotsera) ndi akatswiri aang'ono kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoganizira zosaganizira (zongopeka) [34, 37].]. Njira ziwirizi zoganizira zimafuna vuto losintha njira zabwino zoganizira kuti zigwirizane ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana, ndipo sizomveka bwino komanso zotsutsana momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito bwino njira zowunikira komanso zosasanthula pamene pali ophunzira a sekondale ndi achichepere mu gulu lomwelo la zitsanzo. Ophunzira a sekondale ndi a sekondale achichepere omwe ali ndi luso losiyanasiyana komanso milingo yosiyanasiyana yodziwira amatenga nawo mbali mu zochitika zoyeserera zovuta zosiyanasiyana [34, 37]. Kulingalira kwamitundu yambiri kumalumikizidwa ndi chiopsezo cha kulingalira kosakwanira kwachipatala komanso kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso, makamaka pamene akatswiri akutenga nawo mbali mu magulu a SBE omwe ali ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana zamilandu ndi milingo yaukalamba [38]. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ngakhale pali mitundu ingapo yofotokozera pogwiritsa ntchito RLC, palibe imodzi mwa mitundu iyi yomwe yapangidwa ndi cholinga chapadera pakukula kwa luso lolingalira zachipatala, poganizira zomwe zachitika, luso, kuyenda ndi kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso, komanso zinthu zovuta zowonetsera [38]. , 39]. Zonsezi zimafuna kupanga chitsanzo chokonzedwa chomwe chimaganizira zopereka zosiyanasiyana ndi zinthu zokhudzira kuti chiwongolere kulingalira kwachipatala, pomwe chikuphatikiza RLC yoyeserera pambuyo pake ngati njira yofotokozera. Tikufotokoza njira yogwirizana ndi chiphunzitso ndi malingaliro pakupanga ndi kupanga RLC yotsatizana pambuyo pa kuyerekezera. Chitsanzo chinapangidwa kuti chiwongolere luso la kulingalira zachipatala panthawi yochita nawo SBE, poganizira zinthu zosiyanasiyana zolimbikitsa komanso zolimbikitsa kuti pakhale chitukuko chabwino cha kulingalira zachipatala.
Chitsanzo cha RLC chotsanzira pambuyo pa kuyerekezera chinapangidwa mogwirizana kutengera zitsanzo zomwe zilipo kale ndi malingaliro a kulingalira kwachipatala, kuphunzira koganizira bwino, maphunziro, ndi kuyerekezera. Kuti apange chitsanzocho pamodzi, gulu logwira ntchito limodzi (N = 18) linapangidwa, lokhala ndi anamwino 10 osamalira odwala kwambiri, munthu m'modzi wolimbikira kwambiri, ndi oimira atatu a odwala omwe kale anali m'chipatala amitundu yosiyanasiyana, zokumana nazo, ndi amuna ndi akazi. Chipinda chimodzi chosamalira odwala kwambiri, othandizira ofufuza awiri ndi aphunzitsi akuluakulu awiri a anamwino. Kupanga kogwirizana kumeneku kumapangidwa ndikupangidwa kudzera mu mgwirizano pakati pa omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi zochitika zenizeni mu chisamaliro chaumoyo, kaya akatswiri azaumoyo omwe akuchita nawo chitukuko cha chitsanzo chomwe chikuperekedwa kapena omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi ena monga odwala [40,41,42]. Kuphatikiza oimira odwala mu ndondomeko yogwirizanitsa kungapangitse kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yopindulitsa kwambiri, chifukwa cholinga chachikulu cha pulogalamuyi ndikukweza chisamaliro cha odwala ndi chitetezo [43].
Gulu logwira ntchito linachita misonkhano isanu ndi umodzi ya maola awiri mpaka anayi kuti lipange kapangidwe, njira ndi zomwe zili mu chitsanzocho. Msonkhanowu umaphatikizapo kukambirana, kuchita, ndi kuyerekezera. Zinthu za chitsanzocho zimachokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana zochokera ku umboni, zitsanzo, malingaliro, ndi ma framework. Izi zikuphatikizapo: chiphunzitso cha constructivist learning [44], lingaliro la dual loop [37], clinical reasoning loop [10], the appreciative inquiry (AI) method [45], ndi reporting plus/delta method [46]. Chitsanzochi chinapangidwa mogwirizana kutengera miyezo ya International Nurses Association's INACSL debriefing process standards for clinical and simulation education [36] ndipo chinaphatikizidwa ndi zitsanzo zogwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apange chitsanzo chodzifotokozera. Chitsanzochi chinapangidwa m'magawo anayi: kukonzekera kukambirana koganizira bwino pambuyo pa kuyerekezera, kuyambitsa kukambirana koganizira bwino, kusanthula/kuganizira bwino ndi kufotokoza mwachidule (Chithunzi 1). Tsatanetsatane wa gawo lililonse wafotokozedwa pansipa.
Gawo lokonzekera la chitsanzocho lapangidwa kuti likonzekeretse ophunzira m'maganizo mwawo gawo lotsatira ndikuwonjezera kutenga nawo mbali mwachangu komanso ndalama zomwe akugwiritsa ntchito pamene akuonetsetsa kuti chitetezo cha maganizo chili bwino [36, 47]. Gawoli likuphatikizapo chiyambi cha cholinga ndi zolinga; nthawi yomwe RLC ikuyembekezeka; ziyembekezo za wotsogolera ndi ophunzira panthawi ya RLC; kuyang'anira malo ndi kukhazikitsa zoyeserera; kuonetsetsa chinsinsi m'malo ophunzirira, ndikuwonjezera ndikuwonjezera chitetezo chamaganizo. Mayankho otsatirawa ochokera ku gulu logwira ntchito limodzi adaganiziridwa panthawi ya gawo lokonzekera la chitsanzo cha RLC. Wophunzira 7: "Monga namwino wosamalira odwala, ngati ndili kutenga nawo mbali mu zoyeserera popanda nkhani ndipo akuluakulu alipo, ndingapewe kutenga nawo mbali mu zokambirana pambuyo pa zoyeserera pokhapokha ngati ndikumva kuti chitetezo changa chamaganizo chikulemekezedwa. ndipo ndingapewe kutenga nawo mbali mu zokambirana pambuyo pa zoyeserera. "Dzitetezeni ndipo sipadzakhala zotsatirapo." Wophunzira 4: "Ndikukhulupirira kuti kuyang'ana kwambiri ndikukhazikitsa malamulo oyambira pachiyambi kudzathandiza ophunzira pambuyo pa zoyeserera. Kutenga nawo mbali mwachangu mu zokambirana zophunzirira zoganizira."
Magawo oyamba a chitsanzo cha RLC akuphatikizapo kufufuza momwe munthu akumvera, kufotokoza njira zomwe zikuchitika ndi kuzindikira zomwe zikuchitika, ndikulemba zomwe munthuyo wakumana nazo zabwino ndi zoyipa, koma osati kusanthula. Chitsanzo chomwe chili pagawoli chimapangidwa kuti chilimbikitse ofuna ntchito kuti azikhala odzidalira komanso odzidalira, komanso kukonzekera m'maganizo kusanthula mozama ndi kuganizira mozama [24, 36]. Cholinga chake ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso [48], makamaka kwa iwo omwe ndi atsopano ku mutu wopangira chitsanzo ndipo alibe chidziwitso chachipatala ndi luso/mutu [49]. Kufunsa ophunzira kuti afotokoze mwachidule nkhani yoyeserera ndikupereka malingaliro ozindikira matenda kudzathandiza wotsogolera kuonetsetsa kuti ophunzira omwe ali mgululi ali ndi kumvetsetsa koyambira komanso kwanthawi zonse za nkhaniyi asanayambe gawo lowonjezera la kusanthula/kuwunikira. Kuphatikiza apo, kuitana ophunzira omwe ali pagawoli kuti agawane zomwe akumvera m'zochitika zoyeserera kudzawathandiza kuthana ndi kupsinjika kwamalingaliro kwa mkhalidwewo, motero kulimbikitsa kuphunzira [24, 36]. Kuthetsa mavuto amalingaliro kudzathandizanso wotsogolera wa RLC kumvetsetsa momwe malingaliro a ophunzira amakhudzira magwiridwe antchito a munthu payekha komanso a gulu, ndipo izi zitha kukambidwa mozama panthawi ya gawo lowunikira/kusanthula. Njira ya Plus/Delta yaikidwa mu gawo ili la chitsanzo ngati gawo lokonzekera komanso lofunika kwambiri la gawo lowunikira/kusanthula [46]. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Plus/Delta, ophunzira ndi ophunzira onse akhoza kukonza/kulemba zomwe akuwona, momwe akumvera, ndi zomwe akumana nazo pa kuyerekezera, zomwe zitha kukambidwa mfundo ndi mfundo panthawi ya gawo lowunikira/kusanthula la chitsanzo [46]. Izi zithandiza ophunzira kukwaniritsa mkhalidwe wozindikira kudzera mu mwayi wophunzirira wolunjika komanso wofunikira kuti akonze kulingalira kwachipatala [24, 48, 49]. Mayankho otsatirawa ochokera ku gulu logwira ntchito limodzi adaganiziridwa panthawi yokonza koyamba chitsanzo cha RLC. Wophunzira 2: "Ndikuganiza kuti monga wodwala yemwe adalowetsedwa kale ku ICU, tiyenera kuganizira momwe akumvera komanso momwe akumvera ophunzira omwe adayesedwa. Ndikubweretsa nkhaniyi chifukwa panthawi yomwe ndidalowa ndinawona kuchuluka kwa nkhawa ndi nkhawa, makamaka pakati pa akatswiri osamalira odwala kwambiri. ndi zochitika zadzidzidzi. Chitsanzochi chiyenera kuganizira kupsinjika ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi kuyerekezera zomwe zachitika." Wophunzira 16: “Kwa ine monga mphunzitsi, ndimaona kuti ndikofunikira kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya Plus/Delta kuti ophunzira azilimbikitsidwa kutenga nawo mbali potchula zinthu zabwino ndi zosowa zomwe adakumana nazo panthawi yoyeserera. Malo oti zinthu ziwongoleredwe.”
Ngakhale magawo am'mbuyomu a chitsanzochi ndi ofunikira kwambiri, gawo lowunikira/kuwunikira ndilofunika kwambiri pakukwaniritsa kukonza kulingalira kwachipatala. Lapangidwa kuti lipereke kusanthula/kupanga kwapamwamba komanso kusanthula mozama kutengera zomwe zachitika kuchipatala, luso, ndi momwe mitu yomwe yapangidwira; njira ndi kapangidwe ka RLC; kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso choperekedwa kuti tipewe kuchulukira kwa chidziwitso; kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mafunso owunikira. njira zopezera kuphunzira kokhazikika kwa ophunzira komanso kogwira mtima. Pakadali pano, zokumana nazo zachipatala komanso kudziwa mitu yoyeserera zagawidwa m'magawo atatu kuti zigwirizane ndi milingo yosiyanasiyana ya zokumana nazo ndi luso: choyamba: palibe zomwe zachitika kuchipatala kale/palibe zomwe zachitika kale ku mitu yoyeserera, chachiwiri: zokumana nazo zachipatala, chidziwitso ndi luso/palibe. palibe zomwe zachitika kale ku mitu yoyeserera. Chachitatu: Zokumana nazo zachipatala, chidziwitso ndi luso. Kukumana ndi mitu yoyeserera mwaukadaulo/m'mbuyomu. Kugawa kumachitika kuti kukwaniritse zosowa za anthu omwe ali ndi zokumana nazo zosiyanasiyana komanso milingo yosiyanasiyana ya luso mkati mwa gulu lomwelo, potero kulinganiza chizolowezi cha akatswiri osadziwa zambiri kugwiritsa ntchito kulingalira kosanthula ndi chizolowezi cha akatswiri odziwa zambiri kugwiritsa ntchito luso loganiza losakhala losanthula [19, 20, 34]. , 37]. Njira ya RLC idapangidwa motsatira kayendedwe ka kulingalira kwachipatala [10], dongosolo lowunikira [47], ndi chiphunzitso cha kuphunzira mwachidwi [50]. Izi zimachitika kudzera mu njira zingapo: kutanthauzira, kusiyanitsa, kulumikizana, kulingalira ndi kupanga.
Pofuna kupewa kuchulukira kwa chidziwitso, kulimbikitsa njira yolankhulirana yoganizira ophunzira komanso yoganizira bwino yokhala ndi nthawi yokwanira komanso mwayi wokwanira kuti ophunzira aganizire, kusanthula, ndi kupanga kuti adzidalire kunaganiziridwa. Njira zoganizira panthawi ya RLC zimayankhidwa kudzera mu njira zophatikiza, kutsimikizira, kupanga, ndi kuphatikiza kutengera dongosolo la double-loop [37] ndi chiphunzitso cha load ya chidziwitso [48]. Kukhala ndi njira yokambirana yokonzedwa bwino ndikulola nthawi yokwanira yoganizira, poganizira ophunzira odziwa bwino ntchito komanso osadziwa zambiri, kudzachepetsa chiopsezo cha load ya chidziwitso, makamaka m'mayesero ovuta okhala ndi zokumana nazo zosiyanasiyana zakale, kuwonekera komanso kuchuluka kwa luso la ophunzira. Pambuyo pa chochitikacho. Njira yofunsira mafunso yoganizira bwino ya chitsanzocho imachokera ku chitsanzo cha Bloom's taxonomic [51] ndi njira zofunsira (AI) zoyamikira [45], momwe wotsogolera chitsanzo amafikira munthuyo pang'onopang'ono, Socrates, komanso moganizira bwino. Funsani mafunso, kuyambira ndi mafunso ozikidwa pa chidziwitso, ndikuyankha maluso ndi nkhani zokhudzana ndi kulingalira. Njira yofunsira mafunso iyi idzawongolera kukonza kwa kulingalira kwachipatala polimbikitsa kutenga nawo mbali mwachangu komanso kuganiza kopita patsogolo popanda chiopsezo chochepa cha load ya chidziwitso. Mayankho otsatirawa ochokera ku gulu logwira ntchito limodzi adaganiziridwa panthawi yofufuza/kuganizira za chitukuko cha chitsanzo cha RLC. Wophunzira 13: “Kuti tipewe kuchulukitsidwa kwa chidziwitso, tiyenera kuganizira kuchuluka ndi kuyenda kwa chidziwitso tikamakambirana za kuphunzira pambuyo pa kuyerekezera, ndipo kuti tichite izi, ndikuganiza kuti ndikofunikira kupatsa ophunzira nthawi yokwanira yoganizira ndikuyamba ndi zoyambira. Chidziwitso. chimayambitsa zokambirana ndi luso, kenako chimapita kumlingo wapamwamba wa chidziwitso ndi luso kuti tikwaniritse kuzindikira.” Wophunzira 9: “Ndikukhulupirira kwambiri kuti njira zofunsira mafunso pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyamikirira (AI) ndi kufunsa mafunso pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha Bloom's Taxonomy zidzalimbikitsa kuphunzira mwachangu komanso kuyang'ana kwambiri ophunzira pamene akuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kuchulukitsidwa kwa chidziwitso.” Gawo lofotokozera la chitsanzo likufuna kufotokoza mwachidule mfundo zophunzirira zomwe zapezeka panthawi ya RLC ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zolinga zophunzirira zakwaniritsidwa. Wophunzira 8: “Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti wophunzira ndi wotsogolera agwirizane pa malingaliro ofunikira kwambiri komanso mfundo zofunika kuziganizira akayamba kuchita.”
Chivomerezo cha makhalidwe abwino chinapezeka motsatira manambala a protocol (MRC-01-22-117) ndi (HSK/PGR/UH/04728). Chitsanzochi chinayesedwa m'maphunziro atatu aukadaulo oyeserera chisamaliro cha odwala kwambiri kuti aone momwe chitsanzochi chingagwiritsidwire ntchito komanso momwe chingagwiritsidwire ntchito. Kutsimikizika kwa nkhope ya chitsanzochi kunayesedwa ndi gulu logwira ntchito limodzi (N = 18) ndi akatswiri a zamaphunziro omwe amagwira ntchito ngati oyang'anira maphunziro (N = 6) kuti akonze mavuto okhudzana ndi mawonekedwe, galamala, ndi njira. Pambuyo pa kutsimikizika kwa nkhope, kutsimikizika kwa zomwe zili mkati kunatsimikiziridwa ndi aphunzitsi akuluakulu a anamwino (N = 6) omwe adalandira satifiketi kuchokera ku American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) ndipo adagwira ntchito ngati okonza maphunziro, ndi (N = 6) omwe anali ndi zaka zoposa 10 za maphunziro ndi kuphunzitsa. Chidziwitso cha Ntchito Kuwunikaku kunachitika ndi oyang'anira maphunziro (N = 6). Chidziwitso chowonetsa. Kutsimikizika kwa zomwe zili mkati kunatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito Chiŵerengero Chotsimikizika cha Zomwe Zili mkati (CVR) ndi Chiyerekezo Chotsimikizika cha Zomwe Zili mkati (CVI). Njira ya Lawshe [52] idagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa CVI, ndipo njira ya Waltz ndi Bausell [53] idagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa CVR. Mapulojekiti a CVR ndi ofunikira, othandiza, koma si ofunikira kapena osankha. CVI imapatsidwa ma point anayi kutengera kufunika, kuphweka, ndi kumveka bwino, ndipo 1 = sikoyenera, 2 = koyenera pang'ono, 3 = koyenera, ndi 4 = koyenera kwambiri. Pambuyo potsimikizira kuti nkhope ndi zomwe zili mkati ndi zoona, kuwonjezera pa misonkhano yothandiza, magawo ophunzitsira ndi ophunzitsira adachitika kwa aphunzitsi omwe adzagwiritse ntchito chitsanzocho.
Gulu logwira ntchito lidatha kupanga ndikuyesa chitsanzo cha RLC chotsanzira pambuyo poyeserera kuti chiwongolere luso la kulingalira zachipatala panthawi yochita nawo SBE m'zipinda zosamalira odwala kwambiri (Zithunzi 1, 2, ndi 3). CVR = 1.00, CVI = 1.00, kuwonetsa kuvomerezeka koyenera kwa nkhope ndi zomwe zili [52, 53].
Chitsanzochi chinapangidwira gulu la SBE, komwe zochitika zosangalatsa komanso zovuta zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ophunzira omwe ali ndi milingo yofanana kapena yosiyana ya chidziwitso, chidziwitso ndi ukalamba. Chitsanzo cha RLC conceptual chinapangidwa motsatira miyezo ya INACSL flight simulation analysis [36] ndipo chimayang'ana kwambiri ophunzira komanso chodzifotokozera, kuphatikiza zitsanzo zogwiritsidwa ntchito (Zithunzi 1, 2 ndi 3). Chitsanzochi chinapangidwa mwadala ndipo chinagawidwa m'magawo anayi kuti chikwaniritse miyezo ya chitsanzo: kuyambira ndi kufotokoza mwachidule, kutsatiridwa ndi kusanthula koganizira/kupanga, ndikutha ndi chidziwitso ndi chidule. Pofuna kupewa chiopsezo cha kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso, gawo lililonse la chitsanzocho limapangidwa mwadala ngati chofunikira pa gawo lotsatira [34].
Chikoka cha zinthu za ukalamba ndi mgwirizano wa magulu pa kutenga nawo mbali mu RLC sichinaphunziridwepo kale [38]. Poganizira mfundo zothandiza za chiphunzitso cha double loop ndi cognitive overload mu simulation practice [34, 37], ndikofunikira kuganizira kuti kutenga nawo mbali mu gulu la SBE lomwe lili ndi zokumana nazo zosiyanasiyana komanso milingo yosiyanasiyana ya ophunzira mu gulu lomwelo la simulation ndi vuto. Kunyalanyaza kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso, kayendedwe ndi kapangidwe ka kuphunzira, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi imodzi njira zodziwira mwachangu komanso pang'onopang'ono ndi ophunzira a kusekondale ndi sekondale kumabweretsa chiopsezo cha kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso [18, 38, 46]. Zinthu izi zidaganiziridwa popanga chitsanzo cha RLC kuti apewe kulingalira kosakwanira komanso/kapena kopanda luso [18, 38]. Ndikofunikira kuganizira kuti kuchita RLC ndi milingo yosiyanasiyana ya ukalamba ndi luso kumayambitsa mphamvu pakati pa ophunzira achikulire. Izi zimachitika chifukwa ophunzira apamwamba amakonda kupewa kuphunzira mfundo zoyambira, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti ophunzira achichepere azitha kuzindikira bwino ndikulowa m'njira zoganiza komanso zoganiza zapamwamba [38, 47]. Chitsanzo cha RLC chapangidwa kuti chizithandiza anamwino akuluakulu ndi aang'ono kudzera mu kafukufuku woyamikira komanso njira yopezera chidziwitso [45, 46, 51]. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirazi, malingaliro a ophunzira akuluakulu ndi aang'ono omwe ali ndi luso losiyanasiyana komanso milingo yosiyanasiyana ya chidziwitso adzaperekedwa chinthu chilichonse ndi kukambirana mozama ndi woyang'anira zokambirana ndi oyang'anira anzawo [45, 51]. Kuphatikiza pa zomwe ophunzirawo akupereka, wotsogolera zokambirana amawonjezera zomwe apereka kuti atsimikizire kuti zomwe akuwona pamodzi zimaphimba nthawi iliyonse yophunzirira, motero zimathandizira kuzindikira bwino kuti ziwongolere kulingalira kwachipatala [10].
Kuyenda kwa chidziwitso ndi kapangidwe ka maphunziro pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha RLC kumayendetsedwa kudzera mu njira yokonzedwa bwino komanso yophatikiza magawo ambiri. Izi zimathandiza otsogolera kukambirana ndikuwonetsetsa kuti wophunzira aliyense amalankhula momveka bwino komanso molimba mtima pa gawo lililonse asanapite ku gawo lotsatira. Wotsogolera azitha kuyambitsa zokambirana zoganizira momwe ophunzira onse akutenga nawo mbali, ndikufikira pamalo pomwe ophunzira a msinkhu wosiyana komanso luso amavomerezana njira zabwino zophunzirira mfundo iliyonse asanapite ku yotsatira [38]. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi kudzathandiza ophunzira odziwa bwino ntchito komanso oyenerera kugawana zomwe apereka/zowonera zawo, pomwe zopereka/zowonera za ophunzira osadziwa zambiri komanso oyenerera zidzawunikidwa ndikukambidwa [38]. Komabe, kuti akwaniritse cholinga ichi, otsogolera ayenera kukumana ndi vuto lolinganiza zokambirana ndikupereka mwayi wofanana kwa ophunzira achikulire ndi achichepere. Pachifukwa ichi, njira yofufuzira chitsanzo idapangidwa mwadala pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha Bloom's taxonomic, chomwe chimaphatikiza kafukufuku wowunikira ndi njira yowonjezera/delta [45, 46, 51]. Kugwiritsa ntchito njirazi ndikuyamba ndi chidziwitso ndi kumvetsetsa mafunso ofunikira/makambirano owunikira kudzalimbikitsa ophunzira osadziwa zambiri kutenga nawo mbali ndikutenga nawo mbali mwachangu mu zokambiranazo, pambuyo pake mphunzitsi adzapita pang'onopang'ono pamlingo wapamwamba wowunikira ndi kupanga mafunso/makambirano omwe onse awiri ayenera kupatsa ophunzira a Senior and Juniors mwayi wofanana wotenga nawo mbali kutengera zomwe adakumana nazo kale komanso luso lawo lachipatala kapena zochitika zoyeserera. Njirayi ithandiza ophunzira osadziwa zambiri kutenga nawo mbali mwachangu ndikupindula ndi zomwe adakumana nazo ndi ophunzira odziwa zambiri komanso zomwe mphunzitsi wofotokozera adapereka. Kumbali inayi, chitsanzochi sichinapangidwe kokha kwa ophunzira a SBE omwe ali ndi luso losiyanasiyana komanso milingo yosiyanasiyana ya zomwe adakumana nazo, komanso kwa ophunzira a gulu la SBE omwe ali ndi luso lofanana komanso milingo yofanana ya zomwe adakumana nazo. Chitsanzochi chinapangidwa kuti chithandize kuyenda bwino komanso mwadongosolo kwa gululo kuchoka pakuyang'ana pa chidziwitso ndi kumvetsetsa kupita pakuyang'ana pakupanga ndi kuwunika kuti akwaniritse zolinga zophunzirira. Kapangidwe ka chitsanzo ndi njira zake zimapangidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi magulu opanga zitsanzo omwe ali ndi luso lofanana komanso milingo yofanana ya zomwe adakumana nazo.
Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale kuti SBE mu chisamaliro chaumoyo pamodzi ndi RLC imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga kulingalira kwachipatala ndi luso mwa akatswiri [22,30,38], komabe, zinthu zofunika ziyenera kuganiziridwa zokhudzana ndi zovuta za milandu komanso zoopsa zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso, makamaka pamene Ophunzirawo akukhudzidwa ndi zochitika za SBE zomwe zimayesedwa ndi odwala ovuta kwambiri, odwala kwambiri omwe amafunikira kulowererapo mwachangu komanso kupanga zisankho zofunika [2,18,37,38,47,48]. Pachifukwa ichi, ndikofunikira kuganizira chizolowezi cha ophunzira odziwa zambiri komanso osadziwa zambiri chosintha nthawi imodzi pakati pa njira zowunikira komanso zosasanthula akamachita nawo SBE, ndikukhazikitsa njira yochokera ku umboni yomwe imalola ophunzira achikulire ndi achichepere kutenga nawo mbali mwachangu munjira yophunzirira. Chifukwa chake, chitsanzocho chinapangidwa mwanjira yoti, mosasamala kanthu za zovuta za nkhani yoyeserera yomwe yaperekedwa, wotsogolera ayenera kuwonetsetsa kuti mbali za chidziwitso ndi kumvetsetsa kwa ophunzira onse achikulire ndi achichepere ziyamba kuphunziridwa kenako pang'onopang'ono komanso modzidzimutsa kuti zithandizire kusanthula. Kupanga ndi kumvetsetsa. Izi zithandiza ophunzira achichepere kumanga ndikuphatikiza zomwe aphunzira, ndikuthandiza ophunzira achikulire kupanga ndikukula chidziwitso chatsopano. Izi zikwaniritsa zofunikira pa njira yoganizira, poganizira zomwe ophunzira onse adakumana nazo kale komanso luso lawo, ndipo zidzakhala ndi mawonekedwe omwe amafotokoza momwe ophunzira aku sekondale ndi a sekondale amakhalira kusinthasintha nthawi imodzi pakati pa njira zoganizira zosanthula ndi zosasanthula, potero kuonetsetsa kuti kulingalira kwachipatala kukuyenda bwino.
Kuphatikiza apo, otsogolera/ofotokozera za kuyeserera angakhale ndi vuto lodziwa bwino luso lofotokozera za kuyeserera. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolemba zofotokozera za kusinkhasinkha kumakhulupirira kuti ndikothandiza pakukweza chidziwitso ndi luso la khalidwe la otsogolera poyerekeza ndi omwe sagwiritsa ntchito zolemba [54]. Zochitika ndi chida chanzeru chomwe chingathandize ntchito ya aphunzitsi yophunzitsa ndikuwongolera luso lawo lofotokozera, makamaka kwa aphunzitsi omwe akupitilizabe kuphatikiza zomwe adakumana nazo pofotokozera [55]. kukhala ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito bwino ndikupanga zitsanzo zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. (Chithunzi 2 ndi Chithunzi 3).
Kuphatikizana kwa plus/delta, kafukufuku woyamikira, ndi njira zofufuzira za Bloom's Taxonomy sikunayankhidwebe mu kusanthula koyerekeza komwe kulipo pano komanso mitundu yowunikira yotsogozedwa. Kuphatikiza kwa njirazi kukuwonetsa zatsopano za chitsanzo cha RLC, momwe njirazi zimaphatikizidwira mu mtundu umodzi kuti zikwaniritse kukonza kulingalira kwachipatala komanso kuyang'ana kwambiri ophunzira. Aphunzitsi azachipatala angapindule ndi gulu la SBE lochita chitsanzo pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha RLC kuti akonze ndikukonza luso la kulingalira kwachipatala la ophunzira. Zochitika za chitsanzochi zingathandize aphunzitsi kudziwa bwino njira yofotokozera ndikulimbitsa luso lawo kuti akhale odzidalira komanso odziwa bwino ntchito yofotokozera.
SBE ikhoza kuphatikiza njira ndi njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo koma osati zokhazo za SBE yochokera ku mannequin, ma simulators a ntchito, ma simulators a odwala, odwala okhazikika, zenizeni zenizeni komanso zowonjezera. Poganizira kuti malipoti ndi chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri pakuyimira, chitsanzo cha RLC choyeserera chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chitsanzo chofotokozera pogwiritsa ntchito njira izi. Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale chitsanzochi chidapangidwira gawo la unamwino, chili ndi kuthekera kogwiritsidwa ntchito mu SBE yazaumoyo ya akatswiri osiyanasiyana, zomwe zikuwonetsa kufunikira kwa njira zofufuzira zamtsogolo kuti ayesere chitsanzo cha RLC cha maphunziro a akatswiri osiyanasiyana.
Kupanga ndi kuwunika chitsanzo cha RLC chogwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo poyeserera chisamaliro cha anamwino m'zipinda zosamalira odwala kwambiri za SBE. Kuwunika/kutsimikizira chitsanzochi mtsogolo kukulangizidwa kuti kuwonjezere kuthekera kwa chitsanzochi kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito m'magawo ena azaumoyo komanso SBE ya akatswiri osiyanasiyana.
Chitsanzochi chinapangidwa ndi gulu logwira ntchito limodzi logwirizana pogwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso ndi lingaliro. Kuti chiwongolere kutsimikizika ndi kufalikira kwa chitsanzochi, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zodalirika zowonjezera pa maphunziro oyerekeza kungaganiziridwenso mtsogolo.
Kuti achepetse zolakwika m'machitidwe, akatswiri ayenera kukhala ndi luso loganiza bwino lachipatala kuti atsimikizire kupanga zisankho zotetezeka komanso zoyenera zachipatala. Kugwiritsa ntchito SBE RLC ngati njira yofotokozera kumalimbikitsa chitukuko cha chidziwitso ndi luso lothandiza lofunikira popanga kulingalira kwachipatala. Komabe, mtundu wa kulingalira kwachipatala m'magawo ambiri, wokhudzana ndi zomwe zidachitika kale komanso kuwonekera, kusintha kwa luso, kuchuluka ndi kuyenda kwa chidziwitso, komanso zovuta za zochitika zoyeserera, zikuwonetsa kufunika kopanga zitsanzo za RLC pambuyo pa kuyerekezera momwe kulingalira kwachipatala kungagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachangu komanso moyenera. Kunyalanyaza zinthu izi kungayambitse kusakhazikika komanso kusakhazikika kwa kulingalira kwachipatala. Chitsanzo cha RLC chidapangidwa kuti chithetse zinthu izi kuti chiwongolere kulingalira kwachipatala pamene mukuchita nawo zochitika zoyeserera zamagulu. Kuti tikwaniritse cholinga ichi, chitsanzochi chimaphatikiza nthawi imodzi kufufuza kowonjezera/kuchotsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito taxonomy ya Bloom.
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Nthawi yotumizira: Januwale-08-2024