Akatswiri akuyenera kukhala ndi luso lokakamizidwa kuti apange chisankho choyenera, ochiritsira otetezeka komanso kupewa zolakwika. Maluso opangidwa bwino azachipatala amatha kunyengerera chitetezo choleza mtima ndikusachedwa chisamaliro kapena chithandizo, makamaka pamadipatimenti adzidzidzi. Maphunziro ophunzitsidwa mochokera kumagwiritsa ntchito zokambirana zowerengera potsatira kuyerekezera kwa fanizo ngati njira yonyansa kuti apange luso lazokambirana la matenda pomwe mukusungabe chitetezo chokwanira. Komabe, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwamitundu yamitundu, chiopsezo chothana ndi kuchuluka kwa chizolowezi, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira yopenda (yopatsirana) ndi osakanikirana (okonda) ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi, ndikofunikira kutero Ganizirani zochitika, luso, zinthu zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso, ndi zovuta zomwe zingathetse kulingalira mwamakambi poyerekeza ndi njira yolumikizirana ngati njira yolakwika. Cholinga chathu ndikufotokozera kukula kwa mtundu wa post-skiute yowunikira zokambirana zomwe zimayang'ana zinthu zingapo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitheke pakukhathamiritsa.
Gulu logwira ntchito (n = 18), wopangidwa ndi asing'anga, anamwino, ofufuza, aphunzitsi, ndi omvera, aphunzitsi, omwe amawonetsera zokambirana. Gulu logwirira ntchito mankhwalawa linapanga chitsanzo kudzera mu njira yolowera komanso malingaliro ndi gawo lalikulu. Kuphatikiza kwa kuphatikiza kwa Plus / Minus Kufufuza kwa Kafukufuku ndi ogonjera kwa maluwa amakhulupirira kuti athetse maganizo owerengera omwe akutenga nawo mbali pazochitika. Zogwirizana ndi zovomerezeka (CVI) ndi zofunikira kwambiri.
Cholinga chowonetsera chowonetsera chowerengera chophunzirira chidapangidwa ndikuyesedwa. Mtunduwo umathandizidwa ndi zitsanzo zogwira ntchito ndi kuwongolera. Nkhope ndi kutsimikizika kwa mtunduwo adayesedwa ndikutsimikiziridwa.
Mtundu watsopano wopangidwa upangiri unapangidwa kuti uwerenge maluso ndi kuthekera kwa ophunzira osiyanasiyana, kuyenda ndi kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso, ndi zovuta za milandu yotsatira. Zinthu izi zimaganiziridwa kuti zitheke pakuganiza za matenda mukamatenga nawo mbali pamagulu a gulu.
Kulingalira zamankhwala kumawerengedwa maziko a zochitika zamankhwala muumoyo [1, 2] komanso chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pathupi lazachipatala [1, 3, 4]. Ndi njira yoonetsera kuti akatswiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito kulowererapo koyenera kwambiri kwa matenda aliwonse omwe amakumana nawo [5, 6]. Kulingalira zamankhwala kumafotokozedwa kuti ndi njira zovuta zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zoganizira komanso zosankha za wodwalayo, onetsetsani kufunika kwa chidziwitsocho, ndikuwonetsa kufunikira kwa zochitika zina zofunika kuchita [7) Zimatengera kuthekera kotenga malangizo, njira, ndikumvetsetsa vuto la wodwalayo kuti athe kuchitapo kanthu kwa wodwala woyenera panthawi 9, 10].
Ophunzira onse azaumoyo amakumana ndi kufunika kopanga zisankho zovuta m'mikhalidwe yokwanira [11]. Posamalira mosamala komanso kusamalira mwadzidzidzi, zochitika zamankhwala ndi zadzidzidzi zimabuka pomwe kuyankha ndi kulowerera ndizofunikira kupulumutsa miyoyo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ndi otetezeka 12 12. Maluso osavuta a matenda ndi luso pakuchita chisamaliro mozama zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mitengo yapamwamba ya zolakwika zamankhwala, kuchepa kwa chisamaliro kapena chiwopsezo cha chitetezo choleza mtima [14,15,16). Popewa zolakwika zothandiza, akatswiri ayenera kukhala aluso ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito luso la kulingalira kwa matenda kuti apange zosankha zotetezeka. Njira yosawunikira (imsotive) ndikupanga njira mwachangu ndikukondedwa ndi akatswiri akatswiri. Mosiyana ndi izi, zowunikira (hyoticeko - zoseweretsa) ndizosachedwa kufalitsa, mwadala, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri ocheperako [2, 19]. Popeza kusinthika kwa chilengedwe chamimba matenda komanso chiwopsezo chomwe chingakhale pachiwopsezo cha zolakwa [Maphunziro a 14,156], maphunziro odziwika bwino ochokera m'magulu (SB) nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka akatswiri omwe ali ndi luso lokhala ndi luso. Malo Otetezeka ndi Kukhudzana ndi Milandu Yovuta Ngakhale mukakhalabe otetezeka (21, 22, 23, 24].
Sosaiti Society ku Health (SSH) ikutanthauzira zonena za "tekinoloje yomwe imapanga zochitika kapena malo omwe anthu amakumana ndi zochitika zenizeni ndi cholinga chochita zoyeserera, kuphunzitsa, kuyezetsa madongosolo a anthu kapena machitidwe. " [Chithunzi patsamba 23] SBbe imawonjezera zokumana nazo zamisonkhano, ndikuwonetsa ophunzira kuzokambirana zochitika zomwe mwina sakanadziwa kuti sangasamalire zodekha [249]. Ichi ndi malo osakhala owopsa, olakwa, oyang'aniridwa, otetezeka, otetezeka, otetezeka. Zimalimbikitsa kukula kwa chidziwitso, luso, maluso, luso lovuta kwambiri komanso maphunziro othanirana ndi mavuto azovuta [227, patsamba 27] . , 30, 32, 32].
Kuti athandizire kukulitsa luso la matenda olimbitsa matenda ndi luso lopanga zisankho kuyenera kulipidwa kwa kapangidwe kake, template, komanso kapangidwe kake kazimidwe [35, 35]. Post-Speiteute yowunikira zokambirana (RLC) idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yonyansa yothandizira ophunzira kuti awonetsetse, ndikugwirizanitsa mphamvu za chithandizo cha anzanu komanso mapangidwe munthawi ya mgwirizano [32, 33, 36]. Kugwiritsa ntchito ma rlcs a gulu kumanyamula chiopsezo cha kulingalira kwa matenda osakhazikika, makamaka mogwirizana ndi maluso osiyanasiyana komanso kuchuluka kwa omwe atenga nawo mbali. Mtundu wogwirizira wawiri umafotokoza za kusintha kwamitundu yamitundu ndi kusiyana kwakukulu mu katswiri wamkulu (hyoticedo-deficto-defere) Kukambitsirana (okonda) kugwiritsa ntchito njira [34, 37]. ]. Njira zam'mavutoli zimaphatikizapo zovuta zosinthira njira zoyenera kuzolowera, ndipo ndizosadziwika komanso zokambirana momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito bwino komanso osagwirizana ndi gulu lomweli. Ophunzira a kusekondale komanso ophunzira asukulu zasekondale omwe amakumana ndi mavuto komanso kuchuluka kwa zomwe mwakumana nazo zimatenga nawo mbali m'malo mwazinthu zosinthasintha (34]. Mitundu yamitundu yamilandu imagwirizanitsidwa ndi chiopsezo cha chiopsezo chazomwe zimapangitsa kuti oyeserera azikhala nawo pagululo mosiyanasiyana. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ngakhale pali mitundu ingapo yopanda zonyansa pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu iyi yomwe idapangidwa ndi mawonekedwe a matenda a matenda, poganizira za luso la matenda, kuganizira za luso, luso, kuchepa kwa chidziwitso, ndipo kuphatikiza zovuta zina [38]. ]. , 39]. Zonsezi zimafuna kukula kwa mtundu wopangidwa womwe umayang'ana zopereka zosiyanasiyana kuti athetse kuganiza, pomwe kuphatikiza post-squard rlc ngati njira yofotokozera. Timalongosola njira zoyendetsedwa ndi mawonekedwe a kampani yothandizana ndi chitukuko cha pambuyo pake. Mtundu unapangidwa kuti uthetse luso la matenda olimbitsa thupi potenga nawo mbali ku SB
Mtundu wa RLC post-squaut unapangidwa mogwirizana ndi mitundu yomwe ilipo komanso malingaliro a kulingalira kwachipatala, kuphunzira, maphunziro, ndi kuyeserera. Kupanga mwachitsanzo, gulu logwira ntchito limodzi (n = 18) linapangidwa, namwino 10, ndi nthumwi zitatu, ndi nthumwi zitatu za odwala omwe kale anali ndi amuna osiyanasiyana, zokumana nazo. Chipinda chimodzi chogwirira ntchito, othandizira 2 ndi ophunzitsa a namwino 2. Nkhumba zopangidwa ndi zopangidwa ndi zopangidwazo zidapangidwa ndi kupangidwa kudzera mu mgwirizano pakati pa omwe akukhudzidwa ndi omwe ali ndi thanzi labwino, ngakhale akatswiri azaumoyo omwe amakhudzidwa ndi opanga anthu [40,41,42]. Kuphatikiza Oizoni Odwala omwe amapanga mogwirizana amatha kuwonjezera phindu pa njirayi, monga cholinga chachikulu cha pulogalamuyo ndikuwongolera chisamaliro [43].
Gulu logwira ntchito lidachita maofesi a maola 6-4 kuti apange kapangidwe kake, njira ndi zomwe zili. Malo osungirako amaphatikizapo zokambirana, kuyeserera ndi kuyerekezera. Zinthu za mtunduwo zimatengera zomwe zimapangidwa ndi umboni, mitundu, malingaliro ndi chimava. Izi zikuphatikiza: chiphunzitso chophunzirira [44], lingaliro lalankhulidwe [37], kufunsa kwa chipatala (4], kufunsa kwa AI), ndi njira yodziwikiratu (45]. Mtunduwu unali wopangidwa mogwirizana ndi madera a anamwino apadziko lonse Mtunduwo udapangidwa m'magawo anayi: kukonzekera kukambirana zowonetsera zophunzitsira zitatha kufanizira, kukhazikitsidwa kwa zokambirana zophunzirira, kusanthula / kusinkhasinkha ndikukhumudwitsa (Chithunzi 1). Zambiri za gawo lililonse zikufotokozedwa pansipa.
Gawo lokonzekera mofalira lidapangidwa kuti akonzekesere kwa otenga nawo gawo la gawo lotsatira ndikuwonjezera kutenga nawo mbali komanso ndalama mukamawonetsetsa kuti azichita zamalingaliro [36, 47]. Gawo ili limaphatikizapo mawu oyamba pa cholinga ndi zolinga; nthawi yoyembekezera rlc; Zoyembekeza za otsogolera ndi omwe atenga nawo mbali pa RLC; Kuzungulira kwa malo ndi kuyerekezera; kuwunikira chinsinsi m'zinthu zophunzirira, ndikuwonjezera ndikuwonjezera ndi kukhazikika kwa malingaliro. Mayankho otsatiridwa otsatirawa ochokera ku gulu logwira ntchito ku Co-Devise adaziwona pa gawo loyambira la RLC. Awiriamodzi 7: "Monga namwino wa pulaimaidale olemekezeka. Ndipo kuti ndipewa kutenga nawo mbali pokambirana zikangoyesedwa. "KHALANI OKHUndo ndipo sipangakhale zotsatirapo zake." Ophunzira 4: Kutenga nawo mbali pokambirana zokambirana zophunzirira. "
Magawo oyamba a rlc mtundu amaphatikiza kufufuza momwe ophunzira amakhudzidwira, pofotokoza njira zomwe ophunzira amachita nazo komanso kuzindikira njira zomwe zimachitika, ndikulemba zomwe wophunzira akuchita, koma osawunikira. Chitsanzo pagawoli chimapangidwa kuti chikhale ndi chidwi kuti chikhale chokha kuti chikhale chokha, komanso chokonzekera malingaliro akuya ndikuwunikira pang'ono [246]. Cholinga ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo chothana ndi vuto lalikulu [48], makamaka kwa iwo omwe ali atsopano mpaka pamutu wa zitsanzo ndipo alibe luso lazachipatala. Kufunsa ophunzira kuti afotokoze mwachidule mlanduwu ndikupanga malingaliro ozindikira kungathandize kuti ophunzira mgululi ali ndi kumvetsetsa kwa nkhaniyo asanapite kuwunikira / gawo. Kuphatikiza apo, kuitana ophunzira kumbali iyi kuti afotokozere zakukhosi kwawo pamalingaliro awowa adzawathandiza kuthana ndi mavuto amkati, ndipo potero. Kuthana ndi mavuto amthupi kudzathandizanso otsogolera a RLC akumvetsetsa momwe momwe akulalikirira nawo angalankhulire amakhudza magwiridwe antchito amodzi, ndipo izi zitha kufotokozedwa mwachidwi mukamawunikira / Kusanthula. Njira yophatikiza / delta imapangidwa mu gawo ili la mtunduwo ngati gawo lokonzekera bwino. 46. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yophatikiza / ya Delta, onse omwe ali nawo ndi ophunzira amatha kukonza / kuona zomwe akuwona, zomwe zingakambidwe ndi gawo la chiwonetsero / gawo la mawonekedwe a fano [46]. Izi zithandiza ophunzira kuonapo kanthu mochenjera kudzera mwa mwayi wophunzirira komanso wokakamizidwa kuti athetse maphunziro [24, 49, 49]. Mayankho otsatiridwa otsatirawa ochokera ku gulu logwirira ntchito lopangidwa ndi gululi limaganiziridwa poyambira buku la RLC. Omwe amatengapo gawo limodzi: Ndikutulutsa nkhaniyi chifukwa nthawi yomwe ndimalandila ndimaona zovuta zambiri komanso nkhawa, makamaka pakati pa akatswiri azachipatala. ndi zochitika zadzidzidzi. Mtunduwu uyenera kuganizira nkhawa ndi malingaliro omwe amagwirizanitsidwa ndi zomwe zinachitika. " Ankachita nawo chimodzi kuti: "Kwa ine ngati mphunzitsi, ndimafunika kuti ndizigwiritsa ntchito njira yophatikiza / delta kuti ophunzira alimbikitsidwe kuti atenge nawo gawo labwino ponena za zinthu zabwino zomwe amakumana nazo. Madera osintha. "
Ngakhale magawo am'mbuyomu a mtunduwo ndiwotsutsa, kuwunika / gawo lowonetsera ndiye chofunikira kwambiri kuti mukwaniritse kukhathamiritsa kwamasewera. Amapangidwa kuti apereke kusanthula kwapamwamba / kaphatikizidwe kanthawi kochokera pakukumana ndi zochitika zamankhwala, maluso, komanso kukhudzika kwa mitu yoyesedwa; Ndondomeko ya RLC ndi kapangidwe kake; kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso chomwe chimaperekedwa kuti mupewe kuchuluka; kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mafunso owonetsera. Njira zopezera maphunziro ophunzirira ophunzira komanso mwachangu. Pakadali pano, zochitika zamankhwala ndi kuzolowera mitu yoyeserera zimagawika magawo atatu kuti agwirizane ndi miyeso yosiyanasiyana: Palibe. kuwonetsera m'mbuyomu. Chachitatu: Zochitika Zachipatala, chidziwitso ndi maluso. Akatswiri / kuwonetsedwa m'mbuyomu kutsanzira mitu yotsatsa. Gululi limachitika kuti anthu azikhala ndi zokumana nazo zosiyanasiyana komanso kuchuluka kwazochita zomwezo, potero amathandizira akatswiri ocheperako kuti agwiritse ntchito luso lotha kugwiritsa ntchito maluso a anthu osawunikira [19, 204]. , 37]. Njira yopangira RLC idapangidwa mozungulira kuzungulira kwa matenda a chipatala [10] Izi zimakwaniritsidwa kudzera njira zingapo: Kutanthauzira, kusiyanasiyana, kulumikizana, kuphatikizika ndi kapangidwe kake.
Pofuna kupewa kuchuluka kwambiri, kulimbikitsa njira yophunzirira wophunzira komanso yoonetsa ndi nthawi yokwanira ndi mwayi wotenga nawo mbali ndi mwayi wotenga nawo mbali kuti awonetse, posanthula, ndikusanthula kuti akwaniritse kudzidalira kumeneku. Njira zodziwika bwino nthawi ya RLC zimayankhidwa kudzera mu kuphatikiza, kutsimikiza, ndikupanga njira zophatikizira malinga ndi mawonekedwe a khungu la awiri [47]. Kukhala ndi zokambirana ndi kulola nthawi yokwanira yowunikira, poganizira onse omwe akutenga nawo mbali, amachepetsa chiopsezo chovuta kwambiri, makamaka pamalingaliro ovuta omwe amakhala ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Zitatha. Njira yodziwika bwino yofunsira imakhazikika pamtundu wa bongo wa maluwa [51] komanso moyamikira [AI) njira [45] Funsani mafunso, kuyambira mafunso ozindikira. ndikuthana ndi maluso ndi nkhani zokhudzana ndi kulingalira. Njira yofunsayi idzakulitsa malingaliro a zamankhwala mwa kulimbikitsa kutenga nawo mbali kutenga nawo mbali komanso kuganiza pang'onopang'ono ndi chiopsezo chochulukirapo. Mayankho otsatiridwa otsatirawa ochokera ku gulu logwira ntchito ku Co-Confection adawerengedwa pa nthawi yowunikira / gawo lowunikira la chitukuko cha rlc. Ophunzira khumi ndi 13: . Kudziwa. imayambitsa zokambirana ndi maluso, kenako imapita ku maluso apamwamba ndi luso kuti zitheke. " NDINAKHALA ndi zaka 9: "Ndimakhulupirira kwambiri mafunso ofunsira mafunso oyamikiridwa (ai) njira zokangana (AI) komanso mafunso owoneka bwino pogwiritsa ntchito njira yophunzirira mafano ndi yophunzirira zomwe zingatheke." Gawo lonyansa la mtunduwo likufuna kufotokozera mwachidule mfundo zophunzirira zomwe zidakwezedwa mu RLC ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zolinga za kuphunzirazo zakwaniritsidwa. Nthambizo 8: "Ndikofunikira kuti wophunzira ndi ophunzili agwirizane ndi malingaliro ofunikira kwambiri ndi mbali zazikulu zofunika kuzichita."
Kuvomerezedwa ndi mawu opezeka pansi pa manambala (MRC-01-22-117) ndi (HSK / PGR / 04728). Mtunduwo udayesedwa mu maphunziro atatu a akatswiri owunikira kuti asinthe utali wogwira ntchito komanso wothandiza. Nkhope yovomerezeka ya mtunduwo idayesedwa ndi gulu logwirira ntchito (n = 18) ndi akatswiri ophunzirira omwe akugwiritsa ntchito maphunzilo okhudzana ndi mawonekedwe (n = 6) Kuwongolera mawonekedwe, ndi ndondomeko. Pambuyo pa kuvomerezeka, kuvomerezedwa ndi aphunzitsi a Namwino (n = 6) omwe adatsimikiziridwa ndi Anm American Armment Center) Kuphunzitsa. Kugwira ntchito kuwunika komwe kudachitika ndi oyang'anira maphunziro (n = 6). Zokumana nazo. Kuvomerezedwa kudali kotsimikizika pogwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero chotsimikizika (CVR) ndi zomwe zili ndi Index (CVI). Njira Yolamulira [52] idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera CVI, ndi njira ya Waltz ndi Bausell [53] idagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza CVR. Ntchito za CVR ndizofunikira, zothandiza, koma zosafunikira kapena posankha. CVI imayikidwa pamlingo wamayidwe anayi kutengera kufunikira, komanso momveka bwino, ndi 1 = osagwirizana, 3 = oyenera. Pambuyo kutsimikizira nkhope ndi kuvomerezedwa, kuwonjezera pa zokambirana zothandiza, magawo azomwe amatsogolera ndi othandizira adachitidwa kwa aphunzitsi omwe angagwiritse ntchito chitsanzo.
Gulu la ntchitoyi lidatha kupanga ndi kuyesa njira yosinthira ya RLC kuti ithetse luso la kusintha kwa matenda mukamatenga nawo gawo mu SBE mu United Oger (Mafikitala 1,, ndi 3). CVR = 1.00, CVI = 1.00, ndikuwonetsa nkhope yoyenera komanso kutsimikizira [52, 53].
Mtunduwo unapangidwa kuti gulu likhale losangalatsa komanso lovuta komanso lovuta limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa otenga nawo mbali ndi zomwezo kapena zingapo zokumana nazo, chidziwitso ndi ukulu. Mtundu wa RLC wolondola unapangidwa malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito yoyendera ndege [36] ndipo ndi wophunzira wophunzira komanso wodzifotokozera, kuphatikiza zitsanzo zogwira ntchito (Majikwir 1, 2 ndi 3). Mtunduwo udapangidwa mwadongosolo ndikugawika magawo anayi kuti akwaniritse miyezo yotsatira: Kuyambira mwachidule, kutsatiridwa ndi kusanthula / kaphatikizidwe, ndikumaliza ndi chidule. Kuti tipewe chiopsezo chothana ndi ochulukirapo, gawo lililonse la mtunduwu limapangidwa mwadala ngati chofunikira kwambiri pagawo lotsatira [34].
Mphamvu ya ukulu ndi gulu logwirizana ndi zofunika pa gawo mu RLC sizinaphunzirepo kale [38]. Kuganizira malingaliro othandiza awiri ndi malingaliro ochulukirapo pakusintha kwa gulu la SBE POPHUNZITSIRA MALO OGWIRA NTCHITO YOPHUNZITSIRA NDIPONSO ZOSAVUTA KWAMBIRI NDIPO ZINSINSI ZA POSAVUTA. Kunyalanyaza voliyumu yazidziwitso, kuyenda ndi kapangidwe kake kokha, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mozama njira zopitilira musekondale komanso ophunzira asukulu zapamwamba kwambiri. Izi zikakhudzidwa mukapanga mtundu wa rlc kuti mupewe kupanga zamankhwala (kapena kapena zopanda pake (38]. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kuchititsa RLC yokhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a ukulu komanso luso limayambitsa mphamvu pakati pa ophunzira akulu. Izi zimachitika chifukwa ochita masewera olimbitsa mtima amakonda kupewa kuphunzira malingaliro, omwe ndi ovuta kwa achinyamata kuti athe kuchitidwa ndikulinganiza [38, 47]. Mtundu wa RLC wapangidwa kuti azichita zachiwerewere komanso anamwino am'munsi mwa kufunsana ndi Delta [45, 46, 51]. Kugwiritsa ntchito njirazi, malingaliro a otenga nawo gawo ndi luso losiyanasiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa zomwe zikuchitika. Kuphatikiza pa kuyika kwa omwe akuwunika, wotsogolera zonyansa kumawonjezera gawo lawo kuti awonetsetse kuti zonse zophatikizika zimaphimba nthawi iliyonse yophunzira, motero imalimbikitsa chiwerengero cha maphunziro ophunzirira, potero.
Chidziwitso chambiri ndi kuphunzira pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa rlc umayankhidwa kudzera mwadongosolo komanso mwadongosolo. Izi ndikuthandizira otsogolera zonyansa ndikuwonetsetsa kuti aliyense atenga nawo mbali amalankhula momveka bwino komanso molimba mtima panthawi iliyonse asanapite ku gawo lina. Woyang'anira adzatha kuyambitsa zokambirana momwe onse otenga nawo mbali amatenga nawo mbali, ndikufika pomwe ophunzira osiyanasiyana amagwirizana pa zokambirana zilizonse asanapite patsogolo pa zokambirana [38]. Kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi kumathandizira ophunzira odziwa bwino ntchito / omwe azolowera, pomwe zoperekazo / zomwe angalankhulepo sangathe kuyesedwa ndikukambirana [38]. Komabe, kukwaniritsa cholingachi, otsogolera angakumane ndi vuto la zokambirana zotsatsa ndi kupereka mwayi wofanana kwa otenga nawo mbali. Kuti izi zitheke, njira yoyeserera ya masewerawa idapangidwa molingana ndi mtundu wa bongo wa maluwa, omwe amaphatikiza kafukufuku wowunikira komanso wowonjezera / 45, 51, 51]. Kugwiritsa ntchito njirazi ndikuyamba ndi chidziwitso ndi kumvetsetsa kwa mafunso / zokambirana zaomwe akumana nazo kuti achitepo kanthu ndikutenga nawo gawo pang'onopang'ono pakuwunikira ndi kaphatikizidwe ka mafunso / zokambirana Momwe maphwando onse awiri amapatsa achikulire ndi Juniors omwe ophunzira ali ndi mwayi wofanana nawo potengera zomwe adakumana nazo kale komanso zomwe adazipanga. Njirayi ingathandize kuti ophunzira asakhalepo nawo ndikupindula ndi zomwe adachita omwe adakumana nawo komanso zomwe akukumana nazo. Kumbali inayo, mtunduwo umapangidwa osati mabungwe osiyanasiyana otenga nawo mbali komanso milingo, komanso kuti gulu la SBE ndi magulu a SBE okhala ndi zokumana nazo zomwezo komanso kuchuluka kofanana. Mtunduwo udapangidwa kuti uthandizire gulu losalala komanso mwatsatanetsatane kuchokera pa chidziwitso ndi kumvetsetsa kwa lingaliro la lingaliro ndi kuwunika kukwaniritsa zolinga zophunzirira. Kapangidwe kake ndi njira zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso yofanana.
Kuphatikiza apo, ngakhale SBE muzaumoyo kuphatikiza ndi RLC imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukulitsa njira yophunzirira (22,30,38] Akatenga nawo mbali mokhudzana ndi Sernarios adayesedwa kwambiri, odwala matenda odwala amafunitsitsa kulowererapo mwachangu komanso kusankha kovuta [2,18,38,38,48]. Kuti izi zitheke, ndikofunikira kuganizira za onse odziwapo kanthu kuti asinthidwe munthawi yomweyo pamakina owunikira komanso osatsegula mukamachita nawo umboni kuti ndi wachikulire komanso wachichepere ophunzira kuti atenge nawo gawo pophunzira. Chifukwa chake, mtunduwo udapangidwa kuti ukhale mwanjira yoti, mosasamala kanthu za mlandu womwe waperekedwa, otsogolera akuyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti ophunzira onse azaka zapamwamba ndi omwe amapangidwa pang'onopang'ono komanso mosasamala kanthu kuwongolera kusanthula. kapangidwe kake ndi kumvetsetsa. mawonekedwe othupi. Izi zithandiza ophunzira ang'onoang'ono kumanga ndi kuphatikizira zomwe aphunzira, ndipo thandizani ophunzira okalamba kuphatikiza ndi kukulitsa chidziwitso chatsopano. Izi zikukwaniritsa zofunikira pa kulingalira, kuganizira zomwe aliyense adakumana nazo, ndipo ali ndi mwayi wofotokoza za ophunzira a kusekondale komanso ophunzira a kusekondale nthawi yomweyo kuti asunthire pakati pamalingaliro anthawi yomweyo. kuwonetsetsa kungoganiza za matenda.
Kuphatikiza apo, otsogolera / zolakwa za zowonongekazo mwina zingavutike kudziwa luso lonyansa. Kugwiritsa ntchito zolemba pamavuto kumakhulupirira kuti kumathandizanso kukonza chidziwitso cha chidziwitso komanso luso la anthu otsogolera poyerekeza ndi omwe sagwiritsa ntchito zolemba [54]. Zochitika ndi chida chanzeru chomwe chingapangitse ntchito yotsatira ya aphunzitsi ndikusintha maluso olakwika, makamaka kwa aphunzitsi omwe akuphunzitsabe zomwe adakumana nazo [55]. khalani ndi usitolo komanso kukulitsa mitundu yosangalatsa ya ogwiritsa ntchito. (Chithunzi 2 ndi Chithunzi 3).
Kuphatikiza kwa kuphatikiza / Delta, kafukufuku wokoma mtima, njira za bongo yam'magazi sizinathenso kusanthula komwe kukupezekapo komanso kutsogoleredwa. Kuphatikiza kwa njirazi kumawunikiranso zatsopano za rlc mtundu, momwe njirazi zimaphatikizidwa mu mtundu umodzi kuti mukwaniritse kukhathamiritsa kwa matenda ndi kuphunzira. Ophunzitsa azachipatala angapindule chifukwa chotsatira mtundu wa gulu la RLC kuti mupitilize kukhala ndi luso lolinganiza. Zochitikazo za zitsanzozi zimatha kuthandiza aphunzitsi amafunsa njira yosonyeza kuti amavomereza ndikulimbitsa maluso awo kuti akhale olimba mtima komanso olimbikitsa ena.
SBE imaphatikizanso njira zosiyanasiyana zosinthira, kuphatikiza koma osakhala ndi mannequin-zochokera ku SBEETOR, Odwala, odwala okhazikika, omwe ali ndi vuto. Poganizira kuti nkhaniyo ndi imodzi mwa njira zofunika kwambiri zotsatsira, mtundu wa rlc ungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chitsanzo chofotokozera mukamagwiritsa ntchito mitundu iyi. Komanso, ngakhale kuti chitsanzo chidayambitsidwa chifukwa cha kulangidwa kwa unamwino, kumatha kugwiritsa ntchito munthawi yaumoyo, kuwunikira kufunika kwa njira zofufuzira zam'tsogolo kuti muyesere maphunziro okha.
Kukula ndi kuwunika kwa post-sfautetion llc mtundu wa anamwino amasamalira mosasamala. Kuwunika kwamtsogolo / kutsimikizika kwa mtunduwo tikulimbikitsidwa kuti muwonjezere mawonekedwe a mtunduwo kuti mugwiritse ntchito muumoyo wina wazaumoyo ndi ntchito yazosakhazikika.
Mtunduwo udapangidwa ndi gulu logwirizana ndi lingaliro la malingaliro ndi lingaliro. Kupititsa patsogolo kuvomerezeka komanso kuwonongeka kwa mtunduwo, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zodalirika zodalirika pamaphunziro oyerekeza omwe angaganizidwe mtsogolo.
Kuti muchepetse zolakwika, akatswiri aluso ayenera kukhala ndi luso lokakamizidwa kuti awonetsetse chisankho chotetezeka komanso choyenera. Kugwiritsa ntchito SBC RLC Monga njira yolakwika imalimbikitsa chitukuko cha chidziwitso ndi maluso othandiza kuti apange pakupanga kamwambo. Komabe, mikhalidwe yamitundu yamitundu yambiri, yokhudzana ndi kuwonekera, kusintha kwa mphamvu, kufalikira ndi mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe a ziwonetserozi komanso kukhazikitsidwa bwino. maluso. Kunyalanyaza zinthuzi kumatha kubweretsa malingaliro okopa achipatala. Mtundu wa RLC unapangidwa kuti uzitha kuthana ndi zinthu izi kuti athetse kulingalira kwachipatala mukamachita nawo gulu. Kuti mukwaniritse cholinga ichi, mtundu wonse umaphatikizira kuphatikiza / kufunsa koyesa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bongo la maluwa.
Zolemba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso / kapena kusanthula panthawi yomwe kafukufuku wapano amapezeka kuchokera ku Wolemba wolingana ndi zofunsidwa.
Daniel m, rencic j, durning sj, holn e, sann satero, rarcliffe t, gordon d, estrada ka. Njira zopezera malingaliro achipatala: Unikani ndi malingaliro ochita. Academy of Medical sayansi yamankhwala. 2019; 94 (6): 902-12.
Wachichepere ine, a Thomas A. : Kuwunika kwa Sculani. Maphunziro A BMC. 2020; 20 (1): 1): 1-1.
Guerrero Jg. NJIRA YOYAMBIKITSA: Art ndi sayansi ya matenda, kupanga zisankho, ndi kuweruza mu unamwino. Tsegulani magazini ya namwino. 2019; 9 (2): 79-88.
Almomani E, Alraouch T, Saada O, Al O, Alble M, Samufal J, Samufah J, Samufala E. Qatar Medical Journal. 2020; 2019; 1 (1): 64.
Mamed S., Van Gogh T., Sampio Asia RM, Maria jp, Schmidt HG, maluso ozindikira ophunzira amapindula bwanji ndi zochitika zamankhwala? Zotsatira zake zopangidwa ndi mavuto amtsogolo komanso zovuta zatsopano. Academy of Medical sayansi yamankhwala. 2014; 89 (1): 121-7.
Tutticci N, Theobald Ka, Ramsbotham J. Shorston S. Zowunika Maudindo ndi Kukambitsirana Kusintha: Kuwunika Kwakusintha. Anamwino maphunziro azichita 2022 Jan 20: 103301.
Edward ine, Jones m, kalake j, braunack-meyer a, Jinsen Gm. Njira zosinthira matenda ochizira. Phytheotherapy. 2004; 84 (4): 312-30.
Kuiper R, pesut d, kautsz d. Wotsegukira nyuzipepala ya namwino 2009; 3: 76.
Levett odwala oopsa. Maphunziro ophunzitsidwa masiku ano. 2010; 30 (6): 515-20.
Brentnall J, thackray D. Bwezi lapadziko lonse la kafukufuku wofufuza zachilengedwe, thanzi la anthu. 2022; 19 (2): 936.
Chamberlain d, polole w, fulbrook p. Actcrok P. ACCCN Miyezo yoyang'anira ubwana wa chisamaliro: kuwunikira mwatsatanetsatane, kuwunikira umboni ndi kuwunika. Mwadzidzidzi Australia. 2018; 31 (5): 292-302.
Cunha LL, Persna-Santos m, lomba l, reis santos M. Kusatsimikizika pakusakaza: kuwunika kokhazikika malinga ndi miyambo yazaumoyo. J overthy namwino. 2022; 35 (2): E32-40.
Rivaz m, tavakolinia m, momennasab m. akatswiri ochita chizolowezi cha anamwino amamwino modetsedwa komanso mayanjano ake omwe ali ndi zotsatira zofananira. Scand J Scing Scing Sci. 2021; 35 (2): 609-15.
Suvardo H, ASUTI vv, luso. Anamwino ndi chisamaliro chotsutsa ma preicess kusinthana ndi anamwino a ophunzila pazomwe amasamalira bwino (JSCC). Strada Magazine Ilmia Keseatan. 2020; 9 (2): 686-93.
Linvv B, Dejen Tilahun A, Kasylu T. Chidziwitso, malingaliro ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kuwunika kwakuthupi pakati pa anamwino oyang'anira: Kafukufuku wambiri-gawo. Phunziro lofufuzira mosamala. 2020; 9145105.
A Sullivan J. Maphunziro a anamwino. 2021; 51: 102969.
Wang ms, Thor E, Hudson JN. Kuyesa kuvomerezeka kwa njira yoyankha muyeso mayeso a Scriptency: Njira Yoganizira. Mabuku apadziko lonse a Maphunziro azachipatala. 2020; 11: 127.
Kang H, kang Hy. Zotsatira za maphunziro oyeserera pamaluso azachipatala, luso la thanzi, komanso kukhutitsidwa kwamaphunziro. J Korea maphunziro a maphunziro ndi mgwirizano wa mafakitale. 2020; 21 (8): 107-14.
Diekmann p, Mphungu K, Kvindesland SA, Thomas L, Langlell W, Malawi Kukonzekera Kwapamwamba. 2020; 5 (1): 1-0.
Liou l, Lopreiato j, adayambitsa d, Rirsen jm, Anderson m, diaz da, Spain AE, akonzi. . Rockville, MD: Agency kuti azifufuza zaumoyo komanso mtundu. Januware 2020: 20-0019.
Brooks A, Bralman S, Capralmas B, Nakajima J, Spendert L, Bervetri R, Bertagni B. Kukula kwaposachedwa kwambiri muukadaulo wodwala kachilombo kake kuti ukhale bwino. Kuphatikizika ndi kufanizira. 2020; 196: 103-40.
Alamrani mh, alaml ka, alqahtani ss, Salem OA, Salem Oamilidwe okhudzana ndi maganizidwe ndi njira zophunzitsira zoyeserera komanso kudzidalira mu ophunzirira anamwino. J Center Center. 2018; 26 (3): 152-7.
Kiirnan LK Referct luso ndi chidaliro pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthira. Chisamaliro. 2018; 48 (10): 45.
Post Nthawi: Jan-08-2024