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Kafukufukuyu adawunika kusiyanasiyana kwa madera a cranial morphology pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha geometric homology kutengera zomwe zidachokera m'mitundu 148 padziko lonse lapansi.Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wofananira ndi ma template kuti apange ma meshes amtundu umodzi popanga masinthidwe osakhazikika pogwiritsa ntchito njira yobwereza yapafupi.Pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa zigawo zazikuluzikulu pamitundu 342 yosankhidwa yofanana, kusintha kwakukulu kwa kukula konse kudapezeka ndikutsimikiziridwa momveka bwino kwa chigaza chaching'ono chochokera ku South Asia.Kusiyana kwakukulu kwachiwiri ndi kutalika kwa chiŵerengero cha m'lifupi mwa neurocranium, kusonyeza kusiyana pakati pa zigaza zazitali za anthu a ku Africa ndi zigaza zowoneka bwino za kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Asia.Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti chophatikizirachi sichikukhudzana kwenikweni ndi mawonekedwe a nkhope.Mawonekedwe a nkhope odziwika bwino monga masaya otuluka kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Asia ndi compact maxillary bones ku Europe adatsimikizidwanso.Kusintha kwa nkhope kumeneku kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi chigawo cha chigaza, makamaka mlingo wa kupendekera kwa mafupa akutsogolo ndi occipital.Maonekedwe a allometric anapezeka mu mawonekedwe a nkhope poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa chigaza chonse;m'zigaza zazikulu mawonekedwe a nkhope amakhala aatali komanso ocheperako, monga momwe zasonyezedwera mbadwa zambiri zaku America ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Asia.Ngakhale kuti phunziro lathu silinaphatikizepo deta pa zosinthika zachilengedwe zomwe zingakhudze cranial morphology, monga nyengo kapena zakudya, chiwerengero chachikulu cha deta cha homologous cranial pattern chidzakhala chothandiza kufunafuna mafotokozedwe osiyanasiyana a zizindikiro za chigoba cha phenotypic.
Kusiyana kwa malo mu mawonekedwe a chigaza cha munthu akhala akuphunziridwa kwa nthawi yaitali.Ofufuza ambiri ayesa kusiyanasiyana kwa kusintha kwa chilengedwe ndi / kapena kusankhidwa kwachilengedwe, makamaka nyengo ya nyengo1,2,3,4,5,6,7 kapena ntchito ya masticatory malinga ndi zakudya zopatsa thanzi5,8,9,10,11,12.13. .Kuonjezera apo, kafukufuku wina adayang'ana pa zotsatira za botolo, kusuntha kwa majini, kutuluka kwa majini, kapena kusintha kwa stochastic komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa majini14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23.Mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe ozungulira a chipinda chachikulu ndi chachifupi cha cranial chafotokozedwa ngati kusintha kwa kukakamiza kosankha malinga ndi lamulo la Allen24, lomwe limasonyeza kuti nyama zoyamwitsa zimachepetsa kutentha kwa thupi pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa thupi poyerekezera ndi volume2,4,16,17,25 .Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wina wogwiritsa ntchito malamulo a Bergmann's rule26 afotokoza za ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kukula kwa chigaza ndi kutentha3,5,16,25,27, kutanthauza kuti kukula konseko kumakhala kokulirapo m'madera ozizira kuti apewe kutentha.Chikoka cha makina a masticatory stress pa kukula kwa cranial vault ndi mafupa a nkhope akhala akukangana pokhudzana ndi zakudya zomwe zimabwera chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chophikira kapena kusiyana pakati pa alimi ndi osaka-osaka8,9,11,12,28.Kufotokozera kwakukulu ndikuti kuchepa kwa kuthamanga kwa kutafuna kumachepetsa kuuma kwa mafupa a nkhope ndi minofu.Kafukufuku wambiri wapadziko lonse wagwirizanitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chigaza makamaka ndi zotsatira za phenotypic za mtunda wosalowerera ndale kusiyana ndi kusintha kwa chilengedwe21,29,30,31,32.Kufotokozera kwina kwa kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a chigaza kumachokera ku lingaliro la kukula kwa isometric kapena allometric6,33,34,35.Mwachitsanzo, ubongo wokulirapo umakonda kukhala ndi ma lobe akutsogolo okulirapo m'chigawo chotchedwa "Broca's cap", ndipo m'lifupi mwake lobes wakutsogolo kumawonjezeka, njira yachisinthiko yomwe imaganiziridwa potengera kukula kwa allometric.Kuonjezera apo, kafukufuku wofufuza kusintha kwa nthawi yaitali mu mawonekedwe a chigaza anapeza chizolowezi cha allometric ku brachycephaly (chizoloŵezi cha chigaza kukhala chozungulira) ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutalika33.
Mbiri yakale ya kafukufuku wa cranial morphology imaphatikizapo kuyesa kuzindikira zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maonekedwe a cranial.Njira zachikhalidwe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maphunziro ambiri oyambirira zinali zochokera ku deta ya bivariate linear measurement, nthawi zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito Martin kapena Howell matanthauzo36,37.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, maphunziro ambiri omwe atchulidwa pamwambawa adagwiritsa ntchito njira zapamwamba kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito teknoloji ya 3D geometric morphometry (GM)5,7,10,11,12,13,17,20,27,34,35,38.39. Mwachitsanzo, njira yotsetsereka ya semilandmark, yotengera kuchepetsa mphamvu yopindika, yakhala njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu biology ya transgenic.Imawonetsa zizindikiro za template pachitsanzo chilichonse podutsa pamapindikira kapena pamwamba38,40,41,42,43,44,45,46.Kuphatikizapo njira zapamwamba zoterezi, maphunziro ambiri a 3D GM amagwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa Procrustes, malo oyandikira kwambiri (ICP) algorithm 47 kulola kufananitsa kwachindunji kwa mawonekedwe ndi kusintha kwa kusintha.Kapenanso, njira ya thin plate spline (TPS)48,49 imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri ngati njira yosasunthika yosasunthika popanga mapu a semilandmark ndi mawonekedwe opangidwa ndi mauna.
Ndi chitukuko cha makina ojambulira thupi lonse a 3D kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, kafukufuku wambiri agwiritsa ntchito makina ojambulira thupi lonse a 3D poyeza kukula kwake50,51.Deta ya sikani idagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa miyeso ya thupi, yomwe imafunikira kufotokozera mawonekedwe apansi ngati malo osati mitambo.Kuyika kwachitsanzo ndi njira yopangidwira cholinga ichi pazithunzi zamakompyuta, pomwe mawonekedwe a pamwamba amafotokozedwa ndi polygonal mesh model.Gawo loyamba pakupanga ma pateni ndikukonzekera ma mesh model kuti agwiritse ntchito ngati template.Ena mwa ma vertices omwe amapanga pateni ndi zizindikiro.Kenako templateyo imapunduka ndi kufananizidwa ndi pamwamba kuti ichepetse mtunda pakati pa template ndi mtambo wa point pomwe ikusunga mawonekedwe amderalo a template.Malo okhala mu template amafanana ndi zizindikiro mumtambo wa point cloud.Pogwiritsa ntchito template yoyenera, deta yonse yojambula imatha kufotokozedwa ngati ma mesh model omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chofanana cha ma data ndi topology yofanana.Ngakhale kuti homology yolondola imapezeka kokha m'malo odziwika bwino, tingaganize kuti pali homology pakati pa zitsanzo zopangidwa chifukwa kusintha kwa geometry ya ma templates ndi kochepa.Chifukwa chake, mitundu ya gridi yopangidwa ndi template yoyenera nthawi zina imatchedwa homology models52.Ubwino wa template kuyenerera ndikuti template imatha kupunduka ndikusinthidwa kukhala magawo osiyanasiyana a chinthu chomwe chalunjika chomwe chili pafupi ndi pamwamba koma kutali ndi icho (mwachitsanzo, zygomatic arch ndi temporal region ya chigaza) popanda kukhudza chilichonse. zina.kusintha.Mwa njira iyi, template ikhoza kutetezedwa ku zinthu zanthambi monga torso kapena mkono, ndi phewa poyimirira.Kuipa kwa kuyika kwa ma template ndikokwera mtengo wowerengera wobwerezabwereza, komabe, chifukwa chakusintha kwakukulu pamachitidwe apakompyuta, iyi siilinso vuto.Mwa kusanthula mayendedwe a ma vertices omwe amapanga ma mesh model pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira ma multivariate monga principal component analysis (PCA), ndizotheka kusanthula mawonekedwe amtundu wonse komanso mawonekedwe aliwonse pamalo aliwonse pakugawa.akhoza kulandiridwa.Kuwerengera ndikuwona chithunzi53.Masiku ano, mitundu ya mauna opangidwa ndi template yoyenera imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuwunika mawonekedwe m'magawo osiyanasiyana52,54,55,56,57,58,59,60.
Kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo wojambulira mauna osinthika, kuphatikizidwa ndikukula kwachangu kwa zida zojambulira za 3D zomwe zimatha kusanthula pamlingo wapamwamba, kuthamanga, komanso kuyenda kuposa CT, zikupangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kujambula zambiri za 3D mosasamala komwe kuli.Choncho, pankhani ya sayansi ya zamoyo, matekinoloje atsopanowa amathandizira kuti athe kuwerengera ndi kusanthula zitsanzo za anthu, kuphatikizapo zitsanzo za chigaza, chomwe ndi cholinga cha phunziroli.
Mwachidule, kafukufukuyu amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba wa 3D homology modelling potengera ma template ofananira (Chithunzi 1) kuti awunike zitsanzo za zigaza 342 zosankhidwa kuchokera kumagulu 148 padziko lonse lapansi poyerekezera ndi mayiko padziko lonse lapansi.Kusiyanasiyana kwa cranial morphology (Table 1).Kuti tifotokoze za kusintha kwa chigaza cha chigaza, tinagwiritsa ntchito PCA ndi wolandila opareshoni (ROC) kusanthula ku seti ya data ya mtundu wa homology womwe tidapanga.Zomwe zapezazi zidzathandiza kumvetsetsa bwino za kusintha kwapadziko lonse mu cranial morphology, kuphatikizapo machitidwe a m'madera ndi kuchepa kwa kusintha, kusintha kogwirizana pakati pa zigawo za cranial, ndi kukhalapo kwa allometric trends.Ngakhale kuti phunziroli silikukhudzana ndi deta pazochitika zakunja zomwe zimayimiridwa ndi nyengo kapena zakudya zomwe zingakhudze maonekedwe a cranial morphology, zochitika za cranial morphology zolembedwa mu phunziro lathu zidzathandiza kufufuza zachilengedwe, biomechanical, ndi chibadwa cha kusintha kwa cranial.
Table 2 ikuwonetsa ma eigenvalues ndi ma coefficients othandizira a PCA omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pagulu losavomerezeka la 17,709 vertices (53,127 XYZ coordinates) of 342 homologous skull models.Chotsatira chake, zigawo zazikulu za 14 zinadziwika, zomwe zopereka zake ku kusiyana kwakukulu zinali zoposa 1%, ndipo chiwerengero chonse cha kusiyana chinali 83.68%.Ma vector otsegula a zigawo zazikuluzikulu 14 zalembedwa mu Supplementary Table S1, ndipo ziwerengero za zigawo zowerengeredwa za zitsanzo za zigaza 342 zaperekedwa mu Supplementary Table S2.
Kafukufukuyu adawunikira zigawo zazikulu zisanu ndi zinayi zomwe zidapereka zoposa 2%, zina zomwe zikuwonetsa kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu komanso kofunikira pakukula kwa cranial morphology.Chithunzi cha 2 ma curve opangidwa kuchokera ku kusanthula kwa ROC kuti awonetsere zigawo zogwira mtima kwambiri za PCA zowonetsera kapena kulekanitsa kuphatikiza kulikonse kwa zitsanzo m'magawo akuluakulu (mwachitsanzo, pakati pa mayiko a ku Africa ndi omwe si a ku Africa).Kuphatikiza kwa Polynesia sikunayesedwe chifukwa cha chitsanzo chaching'ono chomwe chinagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa.Zambiri zokhudzana ndi kusiyana kwa AUC ndi ziwerengero zina zoyambira zowerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa ROC zikuwonetsedwa mu Supplementary Table S3.
Ma curve a ROC adagwiritsidwa ntchito pazoyerekeza zazikulu zisanu ndi zinayi zochokera ku dataset ya vertex yomwe ili ndi mitundu 342 yachigaza chachimuna cha homologous.AUC: Chigawo chomwe chili pansi pa 0.01% kufunikira komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kusiyanitsa kuphatikiza kulikonse ndi kuphatikiza kwina konse.TPF ndi yabwino (kusankhana kothandiza), FPF ndibodza (kusankhana kosayenera).
Kutanthauzira kwa curve ya ROC ndikufupikitsidwa pansipa, ndikungoyang'ana pazigawo zomwe zingasiyanitse magulu ofananitsa pokhala ndi AUC yaikulu kapena yaikulu komanso yofunikira kwambiri ndi mwayi wocheperapo 0.001.The South Asian zovuta (mkuyu. 2a), wopangidwa makamaka zitsanzo ku India, amasiyana kwambiri ndi zitsanzo zina osakanikirana malo kuti chigawo choyamba (PC1) ali kwambiri lalikulu AUC (0.856) poyerekeza ndi zigawo zina.Mbali ya African complex (mkuyu 2b) ndi AUC yaikulu kwambiri ya PC2 (0.834).Austro-Melanesians (Mkuyu 2c) anasonyeza mchitidwe wofanana kwa Sub-Saharan Africa kudzera PC2 ndi AUC ndi yaikulu (0.759).Azungu (mkuyu 2d) amasiyana momveka bwino kuphatikiza PC2 (AUC = 0.801), PC4 (AUC = 0.719) ndi PC6 (AUC = 0.671), chitsanzo cha kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Asia (mkuyu 2e) amasiyana kwambiri ndi PC4, ndi chachikulu 0.714, ndipo kusiyana kwa PC3 ndikofooka (AUC = 0.688).Magulu otsatirawa adadziwikanso ndi mikhalidwe yotsika ya AUC ndi milingo yofunikira kwambiri: Zotsatira za PC7 (AUC = 0.679), PC4 (AUC = 0.654) ndi PC1 (AUC = 0.649) zidawonetsa kuti Achimereka Achimereka (mkuyu 2f) ndi enieni Makhalidwe okhudzana ndi zigawozi, Southeast Asia (mkuyu 2g) amasiyanitsidwa kudutsa PC3 (AUC = 0.660) ndi PC9 (AUC = 0.663), koma chitsanzo cha zitsanzo kuchokera ku Middle East (mkuyu 2h) (kuphatikizapo North Africa) anagwirizana.Poyerekeza ndi ena palibe kusiyana kwakukulu.
Mu sitepe yotsatira, kutanthauzira mowoneka bwino ma vertices ogwirizana kwambiri, madera omwe ali ndi katundu wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa 0.45 amapangidwa ndi X, Y, ndi Z coordinates, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 3. Malo ofiira akuwonetsa kulumikizana kwakukulu ndi Ma X-axis coordinates, omwe amafanana ndi njira yopingasa yopingasa.Dera lobiriwira limalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi kulumikizana koyima kwa Y axis, ndipo dera lakuda labuluu limagwirizana kwambiri ndi mgwirizano wa sagittal wa Z axis.Dera la buluu lowala limalumikizidwa ndi ma ax a Y coordinate ndi Z coordinate axs;pinki - malo osakanikirana omwe amagwirizanitsidwa ndi X ndi Z zogwirizanitsa nkhwangwa;yellow - malo ogwirizana ndi X ndi Y amagwirizanitsa nkhwangwa;Dera loyera lili ndi X, Y ndi Z coordinate axis yowonetsedwa.Chifukwa chake, pamlingo wolemetsa uwu, PC 1 imagwirizana kwambiri ndi chigaza chonsecho.Mawonekedwe a chigaza cha 3 SD mbali ina ya gawo ili akuwonetsedwanso pachithunzichi, ndipo zithunzi zokhota zimawonetsedwa mu Supplementary Video S1 kutsimikizira kuti PC1 ili ndi kukula kwa chigaza chonse.
Kugawa pafupipafupi kwa ma PC1 (kupindika koyenera), mapu amtundu wa chigaza amalumikizana kwambiri ndi ma vertices a PC1 (mafotokozedwe amitundu yofananira ndi Ukulu wa mbali zotsutsana za axis iyi ndi 3 SD. Sikelo ndi gawo lobiriwira lokhala ndi m'mimba mwake pa 50 mm.
Chithunzi 3 chikuwonetsa chiwembu chogawa pafupipafupi (njira yokhazikika) yamagulu a PC1 omwe amawerengedwa padera pa magawo a 9.Kuphatikiza pa kuyerekezera kwa ROC kokhotakhota (Chithunzi 2), kuyerekezera kwa anthu aku South Asia kumapindika kwambiri kumanzere chifukwa zigaza zawo ndi zazing'ono kuposa zamagulu ena am'madera.Monga tawonetsera mu Table 1, anthu a ku South Asia awa akuimira mafuko a ku India kuphatikizapo Andaman ndi Nicobar Islands, Sri Lanka ndi Bangladesh.
The dimensional coefficient anapezeka pa PC1.Kupezeka kwa madera ogwirizana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino kunapangitsa kuti pakhale kufotokozera za mawonekedwe a zigawo zina osati PC1;komabe, kukula kwake sikumachotsedwa nthawi zonse.Monga momwe tawonetsera poyerekezera ma curve a ROC (Chithunzi 2), PC2 ndi PC4 zinali zatsankho, zotsatiridwa ndi PC6 ndi PC7.PC3 ndi PC9 ndizothandiza kwambiri pakugawa anthu achitsanzo m'malo osiyanasiyana.Choncho, awiriawiri a chigawo nkhwangwa schematically schematically scatterplots wa PC zambiri ndi mtundu pamalo ogwirizana kwambiri ndi chigawo chilichonse, komanso pafupifupi mawonekedwe deformations ndi miyeso ya mbali zosiyana za 3 SD (Mkuyu. 4, 5, 6).Kuphimba kwa ma convex a zitsanzo kuchokera kumadera aliwonse omwe akuimiridwa m'magawowa ndi pafupifupi 90%, ngakhale pali kuphatikizika kwina m'magulu.Gulu 3 limapereka kufotokozera kwa gawo lililonse la PCA.
Scatterplots of PC2 ndi PC4 scores for cranial people from 9 geographic units (top) and four geographic units (pansi), ziwembu zamtundu wa chigaza pamwamba pa vertices zogwirizana kwambiri ndi PC iliyonse (yokhudzana ndi X, Y, Z).Kufotokozera kwamitundu ya nkhwangwa: onani zolemba), ndipo kusinthika kwa mawonekedwe kumbali zotsutsana za nkhwangwa izi ndi 3 SD.Sikelo ndi gawo lobiriwira lomwe lili ndi mainchesi 50 mm.
Scatterplots of PC6 ndi PC7 scores for cranial people from 9 geographic units (pamwamba) and two geographic units (pansi), cranial surface color ziwembu za vertices zogwirizana kwambiri ndi PC iliyonse (yogwirizana ndi X, Y, Z).Kufotokozera kwamitundu ya nkhwangwa: onani zolemba), ndipo kusinthika kwa mawonekedwe kumbali zotsutsana za nkhwangwazi ndi 3 SD.Sikelo ndi gawo lobiriwira lomwe lili ndi mainchesi 50 mm.
Scatterplots of PC3 ndi PC9 scores for cranial people from 9 geographic units (top) and three geographic units (pansi), ndi ziwembu zamtundu wa chigaza pamwamba (zogwirizana ndi X, Y, Z nkhwangwa) za vertices zogwirizana kwambiri ndi kutanthauzira kwa mtundu uliwonse wa PC. : cm .zolemba), komanso mawonekedwe opindika mbali zotsutsana za nkhwangwazi ndi ukulu wa 3 SD.Sikelo ndi gawo lobiriwira lomwe lili ndi mainchesi 50 mm.
Mu graph yomwe ikuwonetsa zambiri za PC2 ndi PC4 (mkuyu 4, Supplementary Videos S2, S3 kusonyeza zithunzi zopunduka), mapu amtundu wamtundu amasonyezedwanso pamene mtengo wamtengo wapatali umayikidwa pamwamba kuposa 0.4, yomwe ili yochepa kusiyana ndi PC1 chifukwa Mtengo wa PC2 katundu wonse ndi wocheperapo poyerekeza ndi PC1.
Kutalikirana kwa ma lobes akutsogolo ndi occipital mbali ya sagittal motsatira Z-axis (buluu wakuda) ndi parietal lobe kumbali ya coronal (yofiira) pa pinki), Y-axis ya occiput (yobiriwira) ndi Z-axis. wa pamphumi (dark blue).Grafu iyi ikuwonetsa zigoli za anthu onse padziko lonse lapansi;komabe, pamene zitsanzo zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi magulu ambiri zikuwonetsedwa pamodzi panthawi imodzi, kutanthauzira kwa machitidwe obalalitsa kumakhala kovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchulukana kwakukulu;Chifukwa chake, kuchokera ku magawo anayi okha a geographical (ie, Africa, Australasia-Melanesia, Europe, ndi Northeast Asia), zitsanzo zamwazikana pansi pa graph yokhala ndi 3 SD virtual cranial deformation mkati mwa kuchuluka kwa ma PC awa.Pachithunzichi, PC2 ndi PC4 ndi awiriawiri.Anthu aku Africa ndi Austro-Melanesians amalumikizana kwambiri ndipo amagawidwa kumanja, pomwe a ku Europe amwazikana kumtunda kumanzere ndipo anthu aku Northeast Asia amakonda kusonkhana kumunsi kumanzere.Mzere wopingasa wa PC2 ukuwonetsa kuti ma Melanesia aku Africa/Australia ali ndi neurocranium yayitali kuposa anthu ena.PC4, yomwe ku Ulaya ndi kumpoto chakum'maŵa kwa Asia kusakanikirana momasuka, kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukula kwake ndi kuwonetsera kwa mafupa a zygomatic ndi lateral contour ya calvarium.Chiwembu chogoletsa chikuwonetsa kuti anthu a ku Ulaya ali ndi mafupa ochepa kwambiri a maxillary ndi zygomatic, malo ang'onoang'ono a fossa omwe amapangidwa ndi zygomatic arch, fupa lakutsogolo lapamwamba komanso fupa lathyathyathya, lotsika la occipital, pamene kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Asia amakonda kukhala ndi mafupa akuluakulu komanso odziwika bwino. .Lobe yakutsogolo imapendekeka, maziko a fupa la occipital amakwezedwa.
Poyang'ana pa PC6 ndi PC7 (mkuyu 5) (Makanema Owonjezera S4, S5 akuwonetsa zithunzi zopunduka), chiwembu chamtundu chimasonyeza mtengo wamtengo wapatali kuposa 0.3, kusonyeza kuti PC6 imagwirizanitsidwa ndi maxillary kapena alveolar morphology (wofiira : X axis ndi zobiriwira).Y axis), mawonekedwe a mafupa osakhalitsa (buluu: Y ndi Z nkhwangwa) ndi mawonekedwe a mafupa a occipital (pinki: X ndi Z nkhwangwa).Kuphatikiza pa mphumi m'lifupi (yofiira: X-axis), PC7 imagwirizananso ndi kutalika kwa anterior maxillary alveoli (wobiriwira: Y-axis) ndi mawonekedwe a mutu wa Z-axis kuzungulira dera la parietotemporal (buluu wakuda).Pagulu lapamwamba la Chithunzi 5, zitsanzo zonse za malo zimagawidwa molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa gawo la PC6 ndi PC7.Chifukwa ROC ikuwonetsa kuti PC6 ili ndi mawonekedwe apadera ku Europe ndipo PC7 imayimira Native America pakuwunikaku, zitsanzo ziwiri zachigawozi zidasankhidwa mosankha pa nkhwangwa ziwirizi.Amwenye Achimereka, ngakhale kuti ambiri akuphatikizidwa mu chitsanzo, amwazikana kumtunda kumanzere ngodya;Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zitsanzo zambiri za ku Ulaya zimakonda kukhala pansi pakona yakumanja.Awiriwa PC6 ndi PC7 amaimira njira yopapatiza ya alveolar ndi neurocranium yotakata yaku Europe, pomwe Achimereka amadziwika ndi mphumi yopapatiza, maxilla yayikulu, ndi njira yotakata komanso yayitali ya alveolar.
Kusanthula kwa ROC kunawonetsa kuti PC3 ndi / kapena PC9 zinali zofala ku Southeast ndi Northeast Asia anthu.Choncho, mapepala awiriawiri PC3 (nkhope yobiriwira pamwamba pa y-axis) ndi PC9 (nkhope yobiriwira yapansi pa y-axis) (Mkuyu 6; Mavidiyo Owonjezera S6, S7 amapereka zithunzi za morphed) amasonyeza kusiyana kwa anthu aku East Asia., zomwe zimasiyana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba a nkhope ya kumpoto chakum'maŵa kwa Asia ndi mawonekedwe otsika a nkhope ya anthu aku Southeast Asia.Kupatula mawonekedwe a nkhope awa, chikhalidwe china cha anthu aku Northeast Asia ndi kupendekeka kwa lambda kwa fupa la occipital, pomwe ena aku Southeast Asia amakhala ndi chigaza chopapatiza.
Kufotokozera pamwambapa kwa zigawo zikuluzikulu ndi kufotokozera kwa PC5 ndi PC8 sikunasinthidwe chifukwa palibe zizindikiro zachigawo zomwe zinapezeka pakati pa zigawo zisanu ndi zinayi zazikulu za malo.PC5 imatanthawuza kukula kwa ndondomeko ya mastoid ya fupa losakhalitsa, ndipo PC8 imasonyeza kufanana kwa mawonekedwe a chigaza chonse, zonse zimasonyeza kusiyana kofanana pakati pa mitundu isanu ndi inayi yosakanikirana.
Kuphatikiza pa ma scatterplots a ma PCA amtundu wapayekha, timaperekanso ma scatterplots a njira zamagulu kuti tifananize kwathunthu.Pachifukwa ichi, chitsanzo cha cranial homology chinapangidwa kuchokera ku vertex data ya mitundu ya anthu ochokera m'mitundu 148.Magawo a Bivariate a ma seti a ma PC2 ndi PC4, PC6 ndi PC7, ndi PC3 ndi PC9 akuwonetsedwa mu Supplementary Figure S1, zonse zowerengedwa ngati chigaza chapakati pa zitsanzo za anthu 148.Mwanjira imeneyi, ma scatterplots amabisala kusiyana pakati pa gulu lirilonse, kulola kutanthauzira momveka bwino kwa kufanana kwa chigaza chifukwa cha kugawidwa kwapadera kwa zigawo, kumene mapangidwe amafanana ndi omwe akufotokozedwa m'magawo omwe ali ndi magawo ochepa.Supplementary Figure S2 ikuwonetsa mtundu wanthawi zonse wagawo lililonse.
Kuphatikiza pa PC1, yomwe idalumikizidwa ndi kukula konse (Supplementary Table S2), maubale a allometric pakati pa kukula konse ndi mawonekedwe a chigaza adawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito miyeso ya centroid ndi ma seti a PCA kuyerekezera kuchokera ku data yosasinthika.Ma allometric coefficients, ma values okhazikika, t values, ndi P values mumayeso ofunikira akuwonetsedwa mu Table 4. Palibe zigawo zikuluzikulu za allometric pattern yokhudzana ndi kukula kwa chigaza chonse zomwe zidapezeka mu cranial morphology pa P <0.05 level.
Chifukwa zinthu zina zazikuluzikulu zitha kuphatikizidwa pakuyerekeza kwa PC kutengera ma data osakhazikika, tidawunikanso momwe zimakhalira pakati pa kukula kwa centroid ndi kuchuluka kwa PC kuwerengeredwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma seti a data omwe amafanana ndi kukula kwa centroid (zotsatira za PCA ndi ma seti amaperekedwa mu Supplementary Tables S6. ).ndi, c7).Table 4 ikuwonetsa zotsatira za kusanthula kwa allometric.Choncho, zochitika zazikulu za allometric zinapezeka pa 1% mu PC6 ndi pa 5% mu PC10.Chithunzi 7 chikuwonetsa kutsetsereka kwa maubwenzi amtundu wa log-line pakati pa ma PC ambiri ndi kukula kwa centroid okhala ndi ma dummies (± 3 SD) kumapeto kwa kukula kwa log centroid.Mpumulo wa PC6 ndi chiŵerengero cha kutalika kwachibale ndi m'lifupi mwa chigaza.Pamene kukula kwa chigaza kumawonjezeka, chigaza ndi nkhope zimakhala zapamwamba, ndipo mphumi, zitsulo zamaso ndi mphuno zimakhala zoyandikana kwambiri.Njira yobalalitsira zitsanzo ikuwonetsa kuti gawoli limapezeka ku Northeast Asia ndi Amwenye Achimereka.Kuphatikiza apo, PC10 ikuwonetsa zomwe zikuyenda pang'onopang'ono m'lifupi mwake mosasamala za dera.
Pa maubwenzi ofunikira a allometric omwe alembedwa patebulo, kutsetsereka kwa mzere wa mzere wa chipika pakati pa gawo la PC la gawo la mawonekedwe (lopezedwa kuchokera ku data yokhazikika) ndi kukula kwa centroid, mawonekedwe owoneka bwino amakhala ndi kukula kwa 3 SD pa mbali yotsutsana ya mzere wa 4.
Njira zotsatirazi zakusintha kwa cranial morphology zawonetsedwa kudzera pakuwunika kwamitundu yama homologous 3D surface models.Chigawo choyamba cha PCA chikugwirizana ndi kukula kwa chigaza chonse.Zakhala ziganiziridwa kuti zigaza zing'onozing'ono za ku South Asia, kuphatikizapo zitsanzo zochokera ku India, Sri Lanka ndi Andaman Islands, Bangladesh, ndi chifukwa cha kukula kwa thupi lawo, mogwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa Bergmann wa zachilengedwe kapena chilumba613,5,16,25, 27, 62 .Yoyamba ikugwirizana ndi kutentha, ndipo yachiwiri imadalira malo omwe alipo komanso chakudya chamtundu wa chilengedwe.Pakati pa zigawo za mawonekedwe, kusintha kwakukulu ndi chiŵerengero cha kutalika ndi m'lifupi mwa chipinda cha cranial.Mbali imeneyi, yosankhidwa PC2, ikufotokoza za ubale wapamtima pakati pa zigaza za Austro-Melanesians ndi Afirika, komanso kusiyana kwa zigaza za anthu a ku Ulaya ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Asia.Makhalidwewa adanenedwa m'maphunziro ambiri am'mbuyomu potengera miyeso yosavuta ya mzere37,63,64.Komanso, khalidweli limagwirizanitsidwa ndi brachycephaly mwa anthu omwe si Afirika, omwe akhala akukambidwa kale mu maphunziro a anthropometric ndi osteometric.Lingaliro lalikulu la kufotokozera kumeneku ndiloti kuchepa kwa mastication, monga kupatulira kwa minofu ya temporalis, kumachepetsa kupanikizika kwa kunja kwa scalp5,8,9,10,11,12,13.Lingaliro lina limakhudza kusintha kwa nyengo yozizira pochepetsa mutu wa mutu, kutanthauza kuti chigaza chozungulira kwambiri chimachepetsa kumtunda kuposa mawonekedwe ozungulira, malinga ndi malamulo a Allen16,17,25.Malingana ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wamakono, malingalirowa angayesedwe potengera kugwirizanitsa kwa zigawo za cranial.Mwachidule, zotsatira zathu za PCA sizigwirizana kwathunthu ndi lingaliro lakuti chiŵerengero cha kutalika kwa cranial kutalika chimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mikhalidwe ya kutafuna, monga PC2 (yaitali / brachycephalic chigawo) kunyamula sikunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a nkhope (kuphatikizapo maxillary dimensions).ndi malo achibale a temporal fossa (kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa minofu ya temporalis).Phunziro lathu lamakono silinafufuze mgwirizano pakati pa mawonekedwe a chigaza ndi zochitika zachilengedwe zachilengedwe monga kutentha;komabe, kufotokoza kozikidwa pa lamulo la Allen kungakhale koyenera kuganiziridwa ngati lingaliro la ofuna kufotokozera brachycephalon m'madera ozizira nyengo.
Kusiyana kwakukulu kunapezeka mu PC4, kutanthauza kuti kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Asia ali ndi mafupa akuluakulu, odziwika bwino a zygomatic pa maxilla ndi mafupa a zygomatic.Kupeza kumeneku kumagwirizana ndi khalidwe lodziwika bwino la anthu a ku Siberia, omwe amaganiziridwa kuti adazolowera nyengo yozizira kwambiri ndikuyenda kutsogolo kwa mafupa a zygomatic, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphuno ziwonjezeke komanso nkhope yosalala 65.Kupeza kwatsopano kuchokera ku mtundu wathu wa homologous ndikuti kugwa kwa tsaya ku Azungu kumalumikizidwa ndi kutsetsereka kwakutsogolo, komanso mafupa osalala komanso opapatiza a occipital ndi nuchal concavity.Mosiyana ndi izi, anthu aku Northeast Asia amakonda kukhala ndi mphumi zotsetsereka komanso madera a occipital.Kafukufuku wa fupa la occipital pogwiritsa ntchito njira za geometric morphometric35 zasonyeza kuti zigaza za ku Asia ndi ku Ulaya zimakhala ndi phokoso la nuchal komanso malo otsika a occiput poyerekeza ndi anthu a ku Africa.Komabe, ma scatterplots athu a PC2 ndi PC4 ndi PC3 ndi PC9 awiriawiri adawonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu ku Asia, pamene anthu a ku Ulaya ankadziwika ndi malo otsika a occiput ndi occiput otsika.Kusagwirizana kwa chikhalidwe cha ku Asia pakati pa maphunziro kungakhale chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa zitsanzo za mafuko omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga momwe tinatengera mitundu yambiri yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kumpoto chakum'mawa ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia.Kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a fupa la occipital nthawi zambiri kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukula kwa minofu.Komabe, kufotokozera kosinthika kumeneku sikumawerengera mgwirizano pakati pa mphumi ndi mawonekedwe a occiput, omwe adawonetsedwa mu phunziroli koma sizingatheke kuti awonetsedwe mokwanira.Pachifukwa ichi, ndi bwino kuganizira za ubale pakati pa kulemera kwa thupi ndi pakati pa mphamvu yokoka kapena khomo lachiberekero (foramen magnum) kapena zinthu zina.
Chigawo china chofunikira chokhala ndi kusiyana kwakukulu chikugwirizana ndi chitukuko cha zipangizo zopangira masticatory, zomwe zimayimiridwa ndi maxillary ndi temporal fossae, zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndi kuphatikiza kwa PC6, PC7 ndi PC4.Kuchepetsa kwakukulu kumeneku kwa zigawo za cranial kumadziwika ndi anthu aku Europe kuposa gulu lina lililonse.Mbali imeneyi yatanthauziridwa chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kukhazikika kwa mawonekedwe a nkhope chifukwa cha chitukuko choyambirira cha njira zaulimi ndi zokonzekera chakudya, zomwe zinachepetsanso katundu wamakina pazida zodzikongoletsera popanda zida zamphamvu za masticatory9,12,28,66.Malinga ndi lingaliro la ntchito ya masticatory, 28 izi zimatsagana ndi kusintha kwa kupindika kwa chigaza chamutu kupita ku ngodya yayikulu ya cranial ndi denga lozungulira kwambiri.Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, anthu aulimi amakonda kukhala ndi nkhope zophatikizika, kutsika kwa mandible, komanso ma meninges owoneka bwino.Chifukwa chake, kusinthika kumeneku kutha kufotokozedwa ndi mawonekedwe ofananirako a chigaza cha anthu aku Europe omwe ali ndi ziwalo zochepetsera masticatory.Komabe, malinga ndi kafukufukuyu, kutanthauzira kumeneku ndi kovuta chifukwa kufunikira kogwira ntchito kwa ubale wa morphological pakati pa globose neurocranium ndi chitukuko cha zida za masticatory ndizosavomerezeka, monga momwe tafotokozera m'matanthauzo apitalo a PC2.
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa anthu akumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Asia ndi kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia kukuwonetsedwa ndi kusiyana pakati pa nkhope yayitali yokhala ndi fupa lotsetsereka la occipital ndi nkhope yaifupi yokhala ndi tsinde lopapatiza lachigaza, monga momwe PC3 ndi PC9 ikuwonera.Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chidziwitso cha geoecological, kafukufuku wathu amangofotokoza pang'ono pazopeza izi.Kufotokozera kotheka ndikutengera nyengo yosiyana kapena mikhalidwe yopatsa thanzi.Kuphatikiza pa kusintha kwa chilengedwe, kusiyana komweko m'mbiri ya anthu kumpoto chakum'mawa ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia kudaganiziridwanso.Mwachitsanzo, kum'maŵa kwa Eurasia, chitsanzo cha zigawo ziwiri chapangidwa kuti chimvetsetse kufalikira kwa anthu amakono (AMH) pogwiritsa ntchito cranial morphometric data67,68.Malingana ndi chitsanzo ichi, "gawo loyamba", ndiko kuti, magulu oyambirira a atsamunda a Late Pleistocene AMH, anali ndi maulendo ochulukirapo kapena ochepa kuchokera kwa anthu omwe amakhala m'derali, monga Austro-Melanesians amakono (p. First stratum)., ndipo pambuyo pake adakumana ndi kusakanizikana kwakukulu kwa anthu aulimi akumpoto okhala ndi mikhalidwe ya kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Asia (wosanjikiza wachiwiri) mderali (zaka 4,000 zapitazo).Ma gene omwe amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa "osanjikiza awiri" adzafunika kuti amvetsetse mawonekedwe aku Southeast Asia cranial, popeza mawonekedwe a cranial aku Southeast Asia angadalire pang'ono pa cholowa chamtundu woyamba.
Powunika kufanana kwa ma cranial pogwiritsa ntchito magawo omwe amajambulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yofanana, titha kuyerekeza mbiri ya anthu a AMF muzochitika zakunja kwa Africa.Zitsanzo zambiri za "kuchokera ku Africa" zaperekedwa kuti zifotokoze kugawidwa kwa AMF pogwiritsa ntchito chigoba ndi ma genomic deta.Mwa izi, kafukufuku waposachedwapa akusonyeza kuti AMH atsamunda a madera kunja kwa Africa anayamba pafupifupi zaka 177,000 zapitazo69,70.Komabe, kugawa kwakutali kwa AMF ku Eurasia panthawiyi sikudziwika bwino, popeza malo okhala zakalewa amakhala ku Middle East ndi Mediterranean pafupi ndi Africa.Mlandu wosavuta kwambiri ndi kukhazikika kamodzi komwe kumadutsa njira yosamukira ku Africa kupita ku Eurasia, kudutsa zopinga za malo monga Himalayas.Chitsanzo china chimasonyeza mafunde angapo a kusamuka, choyamba chomwe chinafalikira kuchokera ku Africa kumphepete mwa nyanja ya Indian Ocean kupita ku Southeast Asia ndi Australia, kenako n'kufalikira kumpoto kwa Eurasia.Ambiri mwa maphunzirowa amatsimikizira kuti AMF inafalikira kutali ku Africa zaka 60,000 zapitazo.Pachifukwa ichi, zitsanzo za Australasian-Melanesia (kuphatikizapo Papua) zimasonyeza kufanana kwakukulu kwa zitsanzo za ku Africa kusiyana ndi mndandanda wina uliwonse wa geographical mu kusanthula kwakukulu kwa zitsanzo za homology.Kupeza kumeneku kumagwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti magulu oyambirira ogawa AMF m'mphepete mwa kum'mwera kwa Eurasia anawuka mwachindunji ku Africa22,68 popanda kusintha kwakukulu kwa morphological poyang'ana nyengo zinazake kapena zochitika zina zofunika.
Pankhani ya kukula kwa allometric, kusanthula pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe opangidwa kuchokera ku data yosiyana yosinthidwa ndi kukula kwa centroid kunawonetsa kusintha kwakukulu mu PC6 ndi PC10.Zigawo zonsezi zimagwirizana ndi mawonekedwe a mphumi ndi mbali za nkhope, zomwe zimakhala zocheperapo pamene kukula kwa chigaza kumawonjezeka.Anthu aku Northeast Asia ndi America amakonda kukhala ndi izi ndipo amakhala ndi zigaza zazikulu.Kupeza uku kumasemphana ndi zomwe zidanenedwapo kale momwe ubongo wokulirapo uli ndi ma lobe akutsogolo okulirapo kudera lotchedwa "Broca's cap", zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutsogolo kwa lobe kuchuluke34.Kusiyana kumeneku kumafotokozedwa ndi kusiyana kwa zitsanzo;Kafukufuku wathu adasanthula machitidwe a allometric a kukula kwa cranial kwathunthu pogwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwamakono, ndipo maphunziro ofananitsa amawunikira zomwe zimachitika nthawi yayitali pakusinthika kwaumunthu zokhudzana ndi kukula kwaubongo.
Ponena za allometry ya nkhope, kafukufuku wina wogwiritsa ntchito biometric data78 adapeza kuti mawonekedwe a nkhope ndi kukula kwake kumatha kulumikizidwa pang'ono, pomwe kafukufuku wathu adapeza kuti zigaza zazikuluzikulu zimakonda kugwirizana ndi nkhope zazitali, zopapatiza.Komabe, kusinthasintha kwa deta ya biometric sikudziwika bwino;Mayeso a regression poyerekeza ontogenetic allometry ndi static allometry akuwonetsa zotsatira zosiyanasiyana.Chizoloŵezi cha allometric ku mawonekedwe a chigaza chozungulira chifukwa cha kutalika kwake kwanenedwanso;komabe, sitinapende kutalika kwa data.Kafukufuku wathu akuwonetsa kuti palibe data ya allometric yomwe ikuwonetsa kulumikizana pakati pa kukula kwa cranial globular ndi kukula kwa cranial pa se.
Ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wathu wamakono sakukhudzana ndi deta pazinthu zakunja zomwe zimayimiridwa ndi nyengo kapena zakudya zomwe zingakhudzire cranial morphology, deta yaikulu ya homologous 3D cranial surface zitsanzo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu phunziroli zidzathandiza kuwunika kusintha kwa phenotypic morphological.Zinthu zachilengedwe monga zakudya, nyengo ndi zakudya, komanso mphamvu zopanda ndale monga kusamuka, kutuluka kwa majini ndi kusuntha kwa majini.
Kafukufukuyu adaphatikizanso zitsanzo za 342 za zigaza zachimuna zomwe zidasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kumagulu a 148 m'magawo a 9 (Table 1).Magulu ambiri ndi zitsanzo zakumalo, pomwe magulu ena ku Africa, kumpoto chakum'mawa/kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia ndi ku America (olembedwa m'mawu opendekeka) amafotokozedwa mosiyanasiyana.Zitsanzo zambiri za cranial zidasankhidwa kuchokera kumalo osungirako zinthu zakale molingana ndi tanthauzo la Martin cranial measurement loperekedwa ndi Tsunehiko Hanihara.Tinasankha zigaza za amuna oimira kuchokera m'mitundu yonse padziko lapansi.Kuti tidziwe mamembala a gulu lililonse, tidawerengera mtunda wa Euclidean kutengera miyeso 37 yochokera pagululo kwa anthu onse a gululo.Nthawi zambiri, tidasankha zitsanzo za 1-4 ndi mtunda wocheperako kuchokera ku tanthauzo (Supplementary Table S4).Kwa maguluwa, zitsanzo zina zidasankhidwa mwachisawawa ngati sizinalembedwe muzolemba za miyeso ya Hahara.
Poyerekeza zowerengera, zitsanzo za anthu a 148 zinagawidwa m'magulu akuluakulu a malo, monga momwe tawonetsera mu Table 1. Gulu la "Africa" liri ndi zitsanzo zokha zochokera kumadera a kum'mwera kwa Sahara.Zitsanzo zochokera ku North Africa zinaphatikizidwa ku "Middle East" pamodzi ndi zitsanzo zochokera ku West Asia zomwe zili ndi zofanana.Gulu la kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Asia limaphatikizapo anthu omwe si a ku Ulaya okha, ndipo gulu la America likuphatikizapo Amwenye Achimereka okha.Makamaka, gululi limagawidwa kudera lalikulu la North ndi South America, m'malo osiyanasiyana.Komabe, timaganizira chitsanzo cha US mkati mwa gawo limodzi la malo, chifukwa cha mbiri ya anthu a ku America omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi ochokera kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Asia, mosasamala kanthu za kusamuka kangapo 80.
Tidajambulitsa za 3D zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zigaza izi pogwiritsa ntchito sikani ya 3D yapamwamba kwambiri (EinScan Pro yolembedwa ndi Shining 3D Co Ltd, kusachepera: 0.5 mm, https://www.shining3d.com/) kenako kupanga mauna.Mtundu wa mesh umakhala ndi ma vertices pafupifupi 200,000-400,000, ndipo pulogalamu yophatikizidwayo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kudzaza mabowo ndi m'mbali zosalala.
Mu gawo loyamba, tidagwiritsa ntchito scan kuchokera ku chigaza chilichonse kuti tipange chigaza cha mesh cha template imodzi chokhala ndi 4485 vertices (8728 polygonal faces).Pansi pa chigaza, chopangidwa ndi sphenoid bone, petrous temporal bone, palate, maxillary alveoli, ndi mano, adachotsedwa ku template mesh model.Chifukwa chake ndikuti mapangidwewa nthawi zina amakhala osakwanira kapena ovuta kumaliza chifukwa cha magawo oonda kapena opyapyala akuthwa monga malo a pterygoid ndi ma styloid, kutayika kwa mano ndi/kapena mano osagwirizana.Chigaza chachigaza chozungulira foramen magnum, kuphatikizapo maziko, sichinakhazikitsidwe chifukwa ichi ndi malo ofunikira kwambiri pa malo a khomo lachiberekero ndipo kutalika kwa chigaza kuyenera kuyesedwa.Gwiritsani ntchito mphete zagalasi kuti mupange template yomwe ili yofanana mbali zonse.Chitani ma meshing a isotropic kuti musinthe mawonekedwe a polygonal kuti akhale ofanana momwe mungathere.
Kenako, zizindikiro 56 zinaperekedwa ku vertices yofananira ndi mawonekedwe a template pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya HBM-Rugle.Zokonda pazidziwitso zimatsimikizira kulondola ndi kukhazikika kwa malo odziwika bwino ndikuwonetsetsa kuti malowa amafanana bwanji ndi homology yopangidwa.Akhoza kudziwika malinga ndi makhalidwe awo enieni, monga momwe tawonetsera mu Supplementary Table S5 ndi Supplementary Figure S3.Malinga ndi matanthauzo a Bookstein81, zambiri mwazizindikirozi ndi zilembo za Type I zomwe zili pamzere wa nyumba zitatu, ndipo zina ndi zilembo za Type II zokhala ndi zopindika kwambiri.Zizindikiro zambiri zidasamutsidwa kuchokera kumalo ofotokozera milingo yofananira ya cranial mu tanthauzo la 36 la Martin. Tidafotokozeranso zizindikiro zofanana 56 zamafanizo ojambulidwa a zitsanzo za chigaza cha 342, zomwe zidaperekedwa pamanja kuti zigwirizane ndi ma vertices kuti apange zitsanzo zolondola za homology mu gawo lotsatira.
Dongosolo loyang'anira mutu-centric limatanthauzidwa kufotokozera deta ndi template, monga momwe tawonetsera mu Supplementary Figure S4.Ndege ya XZ ndi ndege yopingasa ya Frankfurt yomwe imadutsa pamalo apamwamba kwambiri (tanthauzo la Martin: gawo) la m'mphepete mwa kumanzere ndi kumanja kwa ngalande zomveka zakunja ndi malo otsika kwambiri (tanthauzo la Martin: orbit) m'mphepete mwa kumanzere kwa njira yakumanzere. ..X axis ndi mzere wolumikiza kumanzere ndi kumanja, ndipo X+ ndi kumanja.Ndege ya YZ imadutsa pakati pa kumanzere ndi kumanja ndi muzu wa mphuno: Y + mmwamba, Z + kutsogolo.Malo ofotokozera (chiyambi: ziro coordinate) amayikidwa pamzere wa ndege ya YZ (midplane), ndege ya XZ (ndege ya Frankfort) ndi ndege ya XY (ndege ya coronal).
Tidagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya HBM-Rugle (Medic Engineering, Kyoto, http://www.rugle.co.jp/) kupanga ma mesh amtundu wofanana popanga ma templates pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo 56 (mbali yakumanzere kwa Chithunzi 1).Chigawo chachikulu cha mapulogalamu, chomwe chinapangidwa ndi Center for Digital Human Research ku Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology ku Japan, chimatchedwa HBM ndipo chili ndi ntchito zopangira ma templates oyenerera pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro ndikupanga zitsanzo zabwino za mauna pogwiritsa ntchito magawo ogawa82.Mtundu wotsatira wa pulogalamuyo (mHBM) 83 idawonjeza mawonekedwe oyika pateni popanda zizindikiro kuti apititse patsogolo magwiridwe antchito.HBM-Rugle imaphatikiza mapulogalamu a mHBM okhala ndi zinthu zina zowonjezera ogwiritsa ntchito kuphatikiza kusintha makina olumikizirana ndikusinthanso kukula kwa data.Kudalirika kwa kulondola koyenera kwa mapulogalamu kwatsimikiziridwa m'maphunziro ambiri52,54,55,56,57,58,59,60.
Mukayika template ya HBM-Rugle pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro, template ya mesh ya template imayikidwa pamwamba pazomwe chandamale ndi kulembetsa kosasunthika kutengera ukadaulo wa ICP (kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mtunda pakati pa malo ogwirizana ndi template ndi zomwe mukufuna kusanthula), ndi ndiye mwa osakhala okhwima mapindikidwe a mauna amasintha template kuti chandamale jambulani deta.Njira yoyenerayi idabwerezedwa katatu pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya magawo awiri oyenerera kuti apititse patsogolo kulondola kwake.Chimodzi mwa magawowa chimachepetsa mtunda wapakati pa template ya grid model ndi data ya chandamale, ndipo china chimalangitsa mtunda pakati pa zizindikiro za template ndi zizindikiro zomwe mukufuna.Ma mesh opunduka a template ndiye adagawidwa pogwiritsa ntchito cyclic surface subdivision algorithm 82 kuti apange ma mesh oyengedwa kwambiri okhala ndi ma vertices 17,709 (34,928 polygons).Pomaliza, mtundu wa gridi wogawika wa template uyenera kutsata zomwe mukufuna kuti mupange mtundu wa homology.Popeza malo odziwika bwino ndi osiyana pang'ono ndi omwe ali mu data yowunikira, ma homology adakonzedwa bwino kuti awafotokozere pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizira mutu yomwe yafotokozedwa m'gawo lapitalo.Mtunda wapakati pakati pa zizindikiro zofananira zamitundu yofananira ndi zomwe mukufuna kudziwa pazitsanzo zonse zinali <0.01 mm.Kuwerengetsera pogwiritsa ntchito ntchito ya HBM-Rugle, mtunda wapakati pakati pa mfundo za deta yachitsanzo cha homology ndi deta ya scan scan inali 0.322 mm (Supplementary Table S2).
Kufotokozera kusintha kwa cranial morphology, ma vertices 17,709 (53,127 XYZ coordinates) amitundu yonse yofanana adawunikidwa ndi principal component analysis (PCA) pogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu a HBS opangidwa ndi Center for Digital Human Science ku Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology., Japan (wogulitsa malonda: Medic Engineering, Kyoto, http://www.rugle.co.jp/).Kenako tidayesa kugwiritsa ntchito PCA ku seti yosasinthika komanso ma data omwe amasinthidwa ndi kukula kwa centroid.Chifukwa chake, PCA yozikidwa pa data yosasinthika imatha kuwonetsa bwino mawonekedwe amtundu wa magawo asanu ndi anayi a malo ndikuthandizira kutanthauzira kwagawo kuposa PCA pogwiritsa ntchito deta yokhazikika.
Nkhaniyi ikupereka chiwerengero cha zigawo zikuluzikulu zomwe zapezeka ndi zopereka zoposa 1% za kusiyana konse.Kuti mudziwe zigawo zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimagwira ntchito kwambiri m'magulu osiyanitsa pakati pa magulu akuluakulu a malo, kusanthula kwa khalidwe la wolandila (ROC) kunagwiritsidwa ntchito ku chigawo chachikulu (PC) ndi chopereka chachikulu kuposa 2% 84.Kusanthula uku kumapangitsa kuti gawo lililonse la PCA lizitha kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito ndikufananitsa bwino ziwembu pakati pamagulu.Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zatsankho kumatha kuyesedwa ndi dera lomwe lili pansi pa curve (AUC), pomwe zigawo za PCA zomwe zili ndi mfundo zazikulu zimatha kusankhana pakati pamagulu.Kenako mayeso a chi-square adachitidwa kuti awone kuchuluka kwa kufunikira kwake.Kusanthula kwa ROC kunachitika mu Microsoft Excel pogwiritsa ntchito Bell Curve for Excel software (mtundu 3.21).
Kuti muwone kusiyana kwa malo mu cranial morphology, ma scatterplots adapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma PC ambiri omwe amasiyanitsa bwino magulu kuchokera kumadera akuluakulu.Kuti mutanthauzire zigawo zikuluzikulu, gwiritsani ntchito mapu amitundu kuti muwonetsetse ma vertices amitundu omwe amalumikizana kwambiri ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu.Kuphatikiza apo, zowonetsera zenizeni za kumapeto kwa nkhwangwa zazikulu zomwe zili pa ± 3 zosinthika zokhazikika (SD) zamagawo akuluakulu zidawerengedwa ndikuwonetseredwa mu kanema wowonjezera.
Allometry idagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa mgwirizano pakati pa mawonekedwe a chigaza ndi kukula kwake komwe kumayesedwa pakuwunika kwa PCA.Kusanthula ndi kovomerezeka pazigawo zazikulu ndi zopereka> 1%.Cholepheretsa chimodzi cha PCA iyi ndikuti zigawo za mawonekedwe sizingawonetse pawokha mawonekedwe chifukwa mawonekedwe osasinthika samachotsa zinthu zonse.Kuphatikiza pa kugwiritsa ntchito ma data osakhazikika, tidasanthulanso zochitika za allometric pogwiritsa ntchito magawo apakati a PC kutengera kukula kwa centroid komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zazikulu ndi zopereka> 1%.
Maonekedwe a allometric adayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito equation Y = aXb 85 pomwe Y ndi mawonekedwe kapena gawo la gawo la mawonekedwe, X ndi kukula kwa centroid (Supplementary Table S2), ndi mtengo wokhazikika, ndipo b ndi allometric coefficient.Njira iyi imayambitsa maphunziro a kukula kwa allometric mu geometric morphometry78,86.Kusintha kwa logarithmic kwa formula iyi ndi: chipika Y = b × chipika X + chipika a.Kusanthula kobwerezabwereza pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya masikweya ochepa kunagwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera a ndi b.Pamene Y (kukula kwapakati) ndi X (zochuluka za PC) zisinthidwa mwadongosolo, zikhalidwezi ziyenera kukhala zabwino;komabe, mndandanda wa kuyerekezera kwa X uli ndi makhalidwe oipa.Monga yankho, tidawonjeza kuzungulira ku mtengo wokwanira wa kagawo kakang'ono kwambiri kuphatikiza 1 pagawo lililonse pagawo lililonse ndikugwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwa logarithmic kumagawo onse osinthidwa abwino.Kufunika kwa ma allometric coefficients kudawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso a t amichira iwiri.Kuwerengera izi kuyesa kukula kwa allometric kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya Bell Curves mu Excel (mtundu 3.21).
Wolpoff, MH Climatic zotsatira pamphuno za mafupa.Inde.J. Phys.Umunthu.29, 405-423.https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330290315 (1968).
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Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-02-2024