Pepala ili limayang'ana mbiri yakale komanso zochitika zamakono zamano ndi machitidwe ndi kuyesa kuneneratu zam'tsogolo. Mayesero ndi machitidwe, makamaka podzuka ndi mliri-19, ili pamsewu. Zamtsogolo zimapangidwa ndi mphamvu zinayi zoyambira: mtengo wokwera, kunyalanyaza mano, kabulidwe ka mano, ndi ukadaulo. Maganizo a mano amatha kuphatikizapo umunthu, luso lochokera ku umwini, losakanizidwa, nkhope kumaso ndi kusaphunzira kwakanthawi, ndikuthandizira ophunzira angapo poyambira poyambira. Momwemonso, maofesi a mano akhala osakanizidwa, omwe ali ndi zonse mwakhano komanso wodwala wodwala. Luntha lanzeru lidzakulitsa luso la matenda, chithandizo chamankhwala ndi oyang'anira ofesi.
"Maphunziro a mano ndi machitidwe omwe ali pachiwopsezo" nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa mu zokambirana zathu zaukadaulo. Mawuwa amazindikira kwambiri kuposa momwe adachitira mu 1995 (1). Ndikofunikira kuzindikira mgwirizano womwe ulipo pakati pa maphunziro a mano ndikuchita monga momwe amathandizirana. Komanso, kumvetsetsa kokwanira kwa zomwe zili pano kumafunikira kulinganiza zochitika zazitali zomwe zikuyipitsa madera awa.
Zoyambira za maphunziro a mano zitha kutsatiridwa mwachitsanzo chosadziwika chomwe ntchitoyi idaperekedwa kuchokera kwa katswiri wina kupita ku wina. Potsegulidwa kwa sukulu yoyamba ya mano ku Baltimore mu 1840, mwambowu unasinthidwa kukhala kachitidwe ka kafukufuku wa kusukulu. Maphunziro a mano akhala akusintha kwambiri maphunziro okhudzana ndi kusintha kwa maphunziro pogwiritsa ntchito mawebusayiti angapo ndi mitundu yophatikizika yomwe imaphatikizidwa ndi zovuta zomwe zimachitika.
M'zaka 183 kuyambira kusukulu ya Baltimore Sukulu ya Mano a mankhwala a mano, sukulu yoyamba ya mano ku United States, malo a maphunziro a mano asintha kwambiri. Maphunziro a mano asunthika pazachinsinsi, kuti apezeke sukulu zodziyimira ku mabungwe aku yunivesite, osapindula. Chiwerengero cha masukulu a mano ku United States adayamba mu 1900 pa 57, adagwera mpaka 37 pafupifupi 1930 pambuyo pofalitsa gies (2), kenako nkuchira kwa 60 m'ma 1970. Atatseka kenako kuyambiranso m'ma 1980s, maphunziro a masukulu omwe akuimirira 72, omwe ali ndi masukulu ena asanu ndi awiri okonzekera kutseguka zaka 2-3 (3).
Nthawi yomweyo, zigawo zikuluzikulu zamano zikuchulukirachulukira. Poyamba, wophunzira m'modzi, mphunzitsi m'modzi, wodwala m'modzi ndi malo amodzi adzakhala okwanira. Komabe, pazaka 183 zapitazi, maphunziro, zipatala, zopatsa chidwi, kalasi, ndi malo osokoneza bongo omwe akukula komanso amasiyanasiyana. Mtundu wambiri ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, njira zoyeserera zoyeserera, ndi zogwirizana ndi zogwirizana komanso zokhudzana ndi kutsatira zimawonjezeredwa kuti zithandizire maphunziro onse.
Mtengo wa maphunziro mano wasintha kwambiri, ndikuwonjezera nkhawa ya ngongole ya ophunzira. Kumayambiriro, kuphunzitsa kwadongosolo kuchokera ku katswiri wamano kumafunikira, ndipo patatha zaka 1-2, ophunzira amatha kuchita pawokha. Kuwongolera kwa mano ku United States kunali kamwanda, ndi Alabama kukhala boma loyamba kuti liziwongolera mu 1841. Pofika mu 1910, kuvomerezedwa ndi boma kunayamba kuvomerezedwa m'maiko onse. M'zaka za m'ma 1800, ndalama zimawononga ndalama pafupifupi $ 100, ndalama zambiri. Potsegulidwa kwa sukulu yoyamba ya mano mu 1840, ndalama zolipirira $ 100 mpaka $ 200 zidayamba. Zaka zopitilira 140 (1880 mpaka 2020), maphunziro a sukulu yapadera yam'mano ku United States kwakwera nthawi 555, kufalikira kopitilira 25 (4). Mu 2023, ngongole yapakati pa maphunziro aposachedwa a deno canles idzakhala $ 280,700 (5).
Mbiri yamitundu yambiri imachitika mu chithandizo chamankhwala osiyanasiyana, chilichonse chimachitika pamanthawi zosiyanasiyana (Chithunzi 1). Mitundu iyi imaphatikizapo mano a mano, omwe ndi njira yoyamba kwambiri chithandizo; Kubwezeretsanso mano, komwe kunayamba mu 1728 panthawi ya Jerte Fauchard, yomwe imaganiziridwa ndi ambiri kuti ndi "Tate wa mano", kutengera mano, omwe adayamba mu 1945. Dokotala wa mano anatuluka mu 1960s ndi chitukuko chaumisiri wamadzimadzi, pomwe malovu, madzi amlomo ndi minofu inakhala njira yodziwira matenda am'deralo ndi dongosolo. Chithandizo cha Equestriary tsopano chikupangidwa chomwe chimapereka chithandizo cha pakamwa potengera kubwezeretsanso ndi kupenyerera kwa microbiome, kutsatsa njira yamtsogolo yamano. Funso lalikulu ndiloti chidzakhala chiyani chomwe chingafanane ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mano mtsogolo.
Chithunzi 1. Magawo a mbiri ya mano. Zolembedwa zochokera ku ziwonetsero za Encyclopedia zamano za m'mbiri ya Andrew Steelman. https://hisitiofdDentilikarminingiricinementicine.com/a-timineine-the--the--the-- Adakhazikitsidwa ndi chilolezo.
Kusintha kumeneku kwasintha chizolowezi cha mano kuchokera kumakina olimbitsa thupi (kuchotsa, m'malo obwezeretsa) kwa munthu wina (mano) apamtunda). ). ndi kutengera ndi microbiomes).
Chiphunzitso china chofunikira kwambiri chinachitika m'mbiri ya chiwerewere: kuchokera kwa njira zambiri zothandizira mano (m'mbiri yonse) ku Paradigm yapadera kwambiri (kuyambira pomwe 1920) yodziwika ndi luso la mano. Dokorger ikuyenda mokomera mitundu ya anthu yomwe imawonetsa njira yovuta komanso yaumwini ya pakamwa.
Nthawi yomweyo, madokotala oyambilira amasamukira kumadokotala azomwe amapereka madokotala m'malo osiyanasiyana (dokotala wadothi ambiri asanachitike chifukwa cha chisamaliro chamano (m'zaka za m'ma 1800). Komabe, koyambirira kwa 2000s, ndikubwera kwa Telelententinationstry, mawonekedwe osakanizidwa a mano omwe amaphatikizidwa omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha nkhope ndi zigawo za mano.
Nthawi yomweyo, chizolowezi cha mano chimathandizanso kusintha, kuchokera ku madongosolo a m'mano a m'ma 19 ndi 20) kupita kumadongosolo a mano kapena m'ma 1970s). Kusintha kwa bungwe lokhalo la mano (DSO) (makamaka zaka 20 zapitazi). Izi zaposachedwa, zodziwika bwino pakati pa omaliza maphunzirowa, zikuwonetsa makamaka kusintha kwa Mphamvu ya ma dengule osamalira madokotala komanso njira yopangira madongosolo a mano ofananira. Khalidwe la umwini padongosolo la mano lasintha kwambiri pazaka 16 zapitazi. Pakati pa zaka 65 ndi wamkulu, umwini wapamwamba wa chiwerewere anachepa pang'ono ndi 1%, ali pakati pa ochepera zaka 30, atakumana ndi zaka zopitilira 50, mpaka 15% (6% (6). Kafukufuku amene anaphunzira 2023 anapeza kuti omaliza maphunziro akukonzekera kulowa mchitidwe wochita zachinsinsi atamaliza maphunziro awo atamaliza kulumikizana ndi DSO, ambiri omwe achulukitsa zaka zisanu (5). Kusintha kumeneku kumakuthandizani kuti mikhalidwe ya umwiniyo imakondedwa ndi akatswiri achichepere a mano chifukwa cha zoopsa zapamwamba, oyang'anira oyang'anira ndi ndalama zomwe zimayendetsa payekha. Bungwe la madongosolo la mano limatsutsa kudziyimira pawokha kwa akatswiri a mano.
Madongosolo a mano komanso oyang'anira ku United States ali ndi chisinthiko. Munthawi ya atsamunda, oyang'anira anali osapezeka. Podzafika mu 1923, kapangidwe kameneka kanakula m'mabungwe anayi (mkuyu. 2). Pazaka zana zobwerazi, malo olamulira omwe akuwonjezereka kwambiri, ndipo oyang'anira oyang'anira adakulira maboma osachepera 45, boma, ndi mabungwe apadera. Kupita patsogolo kumeneku kumawonetsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa zovuta komanso zosiyanasiyana za zowongolera zomangamanga ndi zovuta zamano zoyeserera mano.
Mphamvu zinayi zamphamvu ndizovuta kuyeseza mano ndi machitidwe. Izi zikuphatikiza mtengo wa maphunziro, kupita patsogolo kwamaphunziro monga zenizeni, nzeru zosakhalapo, "chithandizo chamatsenga, chomwe ndi chakuti anthu ambiri amakhala ndi anthu ambiri. ndi bungwe la ma denol miyambo.
Choyamba chimakhudza maphunziro, lachitatu ndi lachinayi ndi chachinayi chimakhudza machitidwe, ndipo chachiwiri chimakhudza onse awiri. Madera awa amakambirana mwachidule pansipa ndikutsegula mkanganowo pomwe maphunziro ndi machitidwe amatha kutumizidwa.
Ngakhale takambirana mwachidule ndalama za maphunziro, ndizoyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri kufunika kothana ndi mtengo wamtsogolo womwe ungakakanikitse masukulu kuti apange njira zosinthira. Makamaka, padzakhala kufunika kochepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama ndi zolipiritsa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zowononga mtengo. Njira yodalirika kwambiri yowonjezera mphamvu yowonjezera yaukadaulo yomwe imatha kuchepetsa kwambiri mtengo wonse wopatsa maphunziro.
Mtengo wa sukulu ya mano makamaka ili ndi malipiro ovomerezeka, ogwira ntchito oyang'anira, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zogwirira ntchito, kuphatikizapo ndalama zokhudzana ndi chipatala. Zokumana nazo zaposachedwa ndi Coviid-19 zikuwonetsa kuthekera kupitiliza maphunziro apamwamba amano mpaka pomwe maofesi a mano akutsekedwa. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kupereka maphunziro ambiri poyankha, potero kuchepetsa kufunika kwa aphunzitsi kuti agwiritse ntchito zogawana. Kusintha kumeneku kumatha kukhazikitsa njira kuti mabungwe angapo a mano agawidwenso mtsogolo, kuthetsa kufunika kwa zosowa zochepetsetsa komanso ndalama zolipirira.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuphatikiza kwa zenizeni (VR) ndi zotsatila zenizeni (AR) zofanizira mu maphunziro ophatikizika a Asynoronous ndi gawo losintha. Kupanga kumeneku kukhoza kungatheke kukwaniritsa mayankho ndi kukwaniritsa luso la munthu pa liwiro losiyanasiyana, kukumbukira kwa mapulogalamu ophunzitsira ndege omwe amagwiritsa ntchito silators kuti apange maluso. Njira imeneyi imatha kusintha madole achilengedwe popanga malo abwino ophunzirira komanso ophunzirira.
VR imagwiritsidwa ntchito pasukulu zamankhwala komanso mano. Nawa zitsanzo. Hollotomy, wopangidwa ndi vuto reserve Reseur University, imapereka mwayi wodziwika womwe umalola ophunzira azachipatala kuti azicheza ndi 3D. Pulogalamu inanso, ntsungsurgery, imapereka opaleshoni ya vr yomwe imalola akatswiri azaumoyo kuti azichita opaleshoni zingapo zopangira opaleshoni yabwino. OSSSO VR ikuyang'ana pa maphunziro opaleshoni ndipo imapereka malo owoneka ngati akatswiri azaumoyo angayesere kuchitidwa opaleshoni ndikusintha maluso awo kudzera munthawi yodziwika bwino. Pomaliza, Visi Amapereka VR ndipo Ar Ar ndi makenges chifukwa cha kuphunzitsidwa mwadzidzidzi. Akatswiri azaumoyo angayesetse kuyankha mwadzidzidzi zamankhwala m'moyo weniweni.
Zitsanzo zingapo zogwiritsira ntchito za Ai yofanana ndi AI Vonix wodwala, zomwe zimalola ophunzira a mano kuti azichita njira zotsatila zokhazikika, zotetezeka. Izi zitha kuphatikizapo ziyeso zoyesa, mapulani othandizira, ndi njira zamanja.
a) nsanja zophunzirira zophunzirira zimagwiritsa ntchito ma algorithms a algorithms kuti musinthe maphunziro okhudzana ndi kupita patsogolo, mawonekedwe ndi ntchito ndi magwiridwe antchito a ophunzira. Mapulogalamu awa amatha kuyesa mayeso, ma module olumikizana, komanso zothandizira kuti akwaniritse zosowa zenizeni zophunzirira.
b) Kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru zanzeru kumatha kusanthula zithunzi zamagetsi, monga X-rays kapena mafilimu osowa, ndikuyankha mwachangu pa maluso a ophunzira. Izi zimathandiza ophunzira kusintha kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito matenda opatsirana pakamwa.
c) Mapulogalamu otsogola komanso otsogola omwe amathandizidwa ndi anzeru anzeru amapanga zokumana nazo zophunzirira. Ophunzira amatha kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane madongosolo a mano, amalumikizana ndi odwala omwe ali ndi opaleshoni, ndikuchita zinthu zopangira opaleshoni mu chilengedwe.
d) nzeru zopanga zopanga zimathandizira kuphunzira mtunda mwa kupereka nsanja zophunzirira zapatali. Ophunzira amatha kutenga nawo mbali muzokambirana zenizeni, masbinal ndi zokambirana zogwirizana. Zinthu za AI zitha kuphatikizira kulembedwa kokha, Q & Chachetbots, ndi makina ophunzirira ophunzira.
E) Makampani a Tekinoloje akugwirizana ndi othandizira azaumoyo komanso mayunivesite ophunzirira maphunziro awo kudzera pamapulogalamu awo. Izi zitha kuphatikizira zolemba, makanema, komanso chuma cholumikizira chuma chamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ozindikira amapereka madera akumano mano ndi mano kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Pennsylvania, ku University 101 kuchokera ku Yunivesite ya Michigan, ndi zida zamano kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Hong Kong. Mit Treatcourserere imapereka mwayi kwaulere maphunziro a neuroscience ndi zina.
f) Pomaliza, khan academy imapereka maphunziro angapo a mano ovala mitu yomwe, zida zam'mano, ndi maphunziro oyambira kusukulu omwe amaperekedwa ndi madokotala.
Lingaliro linanso ndi kuperekedwa kwa chisamaliro chamano. Telewertistry yakhala njira ina yothandizirana pafupipafupi.
Omwe amalowererapo ambiri oletsa mano sakhala owopsa kwambiri, osafunikira madokotala a mano kuti agwire masitepe onse omwe akuperekedwa m'maofesi a mano. Ophunzitsa ena azaumoyo monga nyimbo zaukhondo, ochita masewera a mano, ma denol a mano, madokotala, madokotala, madokotala azikhala owononga. Pakuteteza mano (fluoride, zomata mano, zoteteza pakamwa, ndi mankhwala amkamwa) zimagundana ndi omwe amapereka magalimoto, ntchito zomwe sizikugwira ntchito.
Pamapeto pake, ndi nkhani ya nthawi yokhayo musanadziteteze ndipo telelementimit imakumana kuti isasulire chisamaliro cha mano nthawi iliyonse, kulikonse.
Chinthu china chogwiritsa ntchito mano komanso chisamaliro chamadono ndicho kutengapo gawo la ukadaulo waukulu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito luso lanzeru m'maganizo ndi chisamaliro. Makampani akuluakulu azaukadaulo nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi mabungwe azaumoyo, osapanda mphamvu, komanso mabungwe ophunzitsira kuti azilimbikitsa maphunziro azachipatala. Makampani angapo akulu amafunitsitsa kugwiritsa ntchito nsanja ndi matekinoloje awo kuti apereke chidziwitso, zothandizira komanso maphunziro okhudzana ndi thanzi komanso thanzi. Zitsanzo Zimaphatikizapo:
A) Makampani aukadaulo amayamba ndikulimbikitsa mapulogalamu azaumoyo komanso nsanja zomwe zimapereka maphunziro pamitu yosiyanasiyana yazaumoyo. Mapulogalamu awa amatha kupereka chidziwitso chokwanira chopatsa thanzi, tsatirani madzi, amakumbutsa ogwiritsa ntchito mano, amapereka upangiri wa mano kapena upangiri wa pakamwa. Mu kafukufuku wazakudya 2022, thrzo et al. .
b) Gwiritsani ntchito nzeru zojambulajambula kuti zikulitse othandizira azachipatala omwe amapereka chidziwitso ndi malingaliro azachipatala. Makina anzeru anzeru omwe amapangidwa ndi makampani a tekinoloji akuwonetsa lonjezo pakuwunika kwa mano ndi kuzindikira. Mwachitsanzo, ma anzeru anzeru anzeru amathandizira kupenda ma radiograph a mano monga X-ray ndi ma cbct amakamba zinthu monga mano akuwomba, matenda osafunikira. Amasinthanso kumveka kwa zithunzi zamano, kuthandiza mano m'madokotala mozama kwambiri ndipo amazindikira zolondola.
c) Mofananamo, wanzeru kwambiri algoritivems amawunikira deta ya zamankhwala, kuphatikizapo poyerekeza ndi kuchepa kwa peringodontal (9) ndi zinthu zina zofunika, kuloseranso matendawa. AI-Post Loverment Model Kusanthula Kwambiri Pakadali pano, anthu anzeru zanzeru amafunikira chitukuko china kuti azindikire kuti mafupa a periodol athe (10).
d) kuthekera kwina ndikugwiritsa ntchito nzeru zopanga kupanga mapulani othandizira ndi orthodotic (11) kuti athe kuloza ma fornical oyendetsa mano ndikukhazikitsa mafomu a Orthodontic. opareshoni (13).
E) Matenda anzeru anzeru omwe amapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito makamera kapena zida zina zolingalira kuti azindikire zovuta kapena zizindikiro za khansa ya pakamwa (14). Algorithm a anzeru yopanga amaphunzitsidwa bwino kuti adziwe zotupa pakamwa, kuphatikiza zilonda zam'munda, zoyera kapena zoyera, ndi zotupa, komanso zotupa zoyipa (14, 15). Luntha lanzeru ndilabwino pakupanga zisankho zapaukadaulo, kusamala ndikofunikira.
f) M'mano mano a ana, luntha lamphamvu limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira zotupa, kusintha zolondola ndi luso loganiza zodziwitsa, kusintha zotsatira za mankhwala, ndikulimbikitsa zotsatira za milomo, ndikulimbikitsa thanzi (16, 17).
g) Luntha lanzeru limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera machitidwe ndi othandizira omwe ali ndi ai-poid-pocred kuti athandizire magwiridwe antchito ndikuyankhira mafunso omaliza. Tekinoloje yolankhula mwaluso ya AI imalola madokotala mano kuti azitha kuwongolera zolemba zamankhwala, kuchepetsa nthawi yolemba. Mofananamo, Ai akutsogolera Telelentistry pothandizana ndi madokotala akutali, kulola madokotala a mano kuti ayesetse odwala ndikupanga malingaliro popanda kufunikira kwaulendo wakunja.
Kusintha kwa maphunziro a mano kumaphatikizapo kusintha kuchokera ku gawo lapakati pa njira yokhazikika komanso yaukadaulo. Kuphatikizika kwa maphunziro mano kumawonekeranso pamene kumadziwika kuti mbali zina za maphunziro zitha kuperekedwa pa intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito mafashoni ndi mavalidwe opanga. Kuchoka kumeneku ku mtundu wachikhalidwe kumatsutsa kufunika kopereka maphunziro onse pansi pa denga limodzi.
Kulimbikitsidwa ndi Chitsanzo cha Kuphunzitsidwa kwa ndege Kukonzanso kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti ophunzira sayeneranso kuyamba ndikumaliza ulendo wawo wophunzitsira ndi "anzanu akusukulu." M'malo mwake, dongosolo losinthika lidzapangidwa kutengera luso linalake. Mappikisano awa adzakhazikika m'malo opirira osati ophunzirira ophunzira ndipo adzakhala ndi nthawi, monga zilili tsopano.
Ngakhale maphunziro azachipatala amafunikabe zochitika zothandiza, kapangidwe kake kolimba sikufunikanso. Ophunzira amatha kuchita nawo izi nthawi zosiyanasiyana, m'makampani ambiri azachipatala, komanso m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Maphunziro enieni adzalamulira zigawo za Hinductic ndi zopatsa mphamvu, ndikugogomezera kusinthasintha kudzera kuphunzira kwanthawi zonse. Mosiyana ndi izi, gawo la matenda likhala ndi mawonekedwe osakanizidwa, kuphatikiza zomwe mwakumana nazo ndi zinthu zomwe zili ndi zinthu zina.
Zowoneka bwino, wosakanizidwa, zodetsa ndi senchronous ya mtundu wa maphunziro a umwiniwu zimabweretsa phindu lalikulu kwa ophunzira. Nthawi yomweyo, zimathandiza kuchepetsa maudindo achikhalidwe cha ma deno casukulu, antchito, ndi oyang'anira ndikuwunikanso malo akuthupi omwe amafunikira. Chifukwa chake, tsogolo la maphunziro mano lidzazikidwa pa mtundu wamphamvu komanso wothandiza kwambiri womwe amachititsa kuti ophunzira azisintha zina ndi ntchito.
Mtundu wofunsidwayo ndi njira imodzi yokha yokwaniritsira mphamvu yamadongosolo; Kusanthula kwathunthu kuyenera kuphatikiza mtengo wonse ndi kutalika kwa koleji ndi madoleno. Kuchepetsa nthawi yayitali maphunziro apadziko lonse lapansi kungachepetse ndalama zomwe zingachitike. Mwachitsanzo, machitidwe omwe akuvomera kuphunzira pambuyo pa chaka choyamba cha koleji kuti ophunzira ochepa azitha kuchitika. Kuphatikiza apo, kutalika kwa madokotala kumatha kufupikitsidwa ndikupangitsa maphunziro ena oyambira a Science Kuvomerezeka. Njira ina yowonjezera mphamvu, kupatula nthawi, ndikuchepetsa ndalama ndikuphatikizira ma DD ndi maphunziro omaliza maphunziro.
Pazaka khumi zapitazi, gawo lazaumoyo wawona kuphatikizika ndikupeza inshuwaransi yazaumoyo, ntchito zamankhwala, masitolo a unyolo ndi pharmacies. Izi zadzetsa kutuluka kwa "microclinics, yomwe imapereka chisamaliro chokwanira m'malo osiyanasiyana. Ogulitsa akuluakulu monga Walmart ndi ma cvs aphatikizidwa mano kuchipatala awa, akatswiri ochita masewera kuti apereke ntchito zosavuta komanso kupewa zinthu zakale.
Kuphatikiza za mano mu dongosolo lazaumoyo wowonjezerapo kumatha kusokoneza mwayi wopeza thanzi mwa kugwiritsa ntchito chithandizo chamankhwala, kuphatikizapo chisamaliro chokwanira, mankhwalawa, mankhwala omwe amathandizidwa pakamwa, pamtengo wotsika. Ntchito zomwe zimapangidwira zimafikira njira zolipirira komanso kuphatikiza kwa chidziwitso cha omwe ali ndi othandizira azaumoyo.
Zipatala zosinthira izi zikugogomezera chitetezo chazachipatala, makamaka ngati kubweza kwa inshuwaransi kumasunthira kuti zitheke kuwunika kwamuyaya, kusintha mphamvu ya chithandizo chaumoyo ndikulimbikitsa njira yotchili yoleza mtima. Nthawi yomweyo, bungwe la chisamaliro chamano ndipo kukula kwa machitidwe ang'onoang'ono amatha kutembenuza madokotala azogwira ntchito m'malo modziyimira pawokha.
Ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa okalamba, imodzi mwazovuta zazikulu zomwe zimakumana ndi mano kuzachipatala zikutsala pang'ono kuuka. Ngati mukugawana ndi anthu oyambira 57 miliyoni aku America 65 ndi okalamba mu 2022, chiwerengero cha aku America m'gulu la anthu omwewo amayembekezereka kufikira 80 miliyoni poyerekeza ndi a Census poyerekeza. Izi ndizofanana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa achikulire okalamba pakati pa 5% ya anthu onse (18). Monga kuchuluka kwa anthu, kuwonjezeka kofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa zotupa pakamwa mwa akulu akulu omwe amayembekezeredwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pali kufunikira kwa mano komwe kumapangitsa kuti zosowa zapadera zamilomo yakale (19, 20).
Kuyembekezera Kupita Kumaukadaulo, madokotala am'tsogolo akuyembekezeredwa kupereka makina osakanizidwa omwe amaphatikizika ndi ntchito zakutali komanso kulumikizana kwa kulankhulana kumayang'anizana. Kusintha kwa mankhwalawa kumawonetsa kusintha kwa chilengedwe, molecular, komanso kusamalira anu (Chithunzi 1). Kusintha kumeneku kumafuna akatswiri azaumoyo kuti awonjezere chidziwitso chawo ndikuchita motsutsa zinthu zasayansi.
Malo osinthika awa amalonjeza kuti ayambile kukula kwa dokotala wapadera wamano, omwe ali ndi zilonda, akatswiri azam'malo, akatswiri opakamwa ndi madokotala omwe amatsogolera mano obwezeretsa. Chisinthiko choterechi chimagwirizana ndi zomwe zimachitika kwambiri ndi njira zambiri komanso zotsogola zimayendera pakamwa.
Palibe amene ali ndi mpira wa galasi kuneneratu zam'tsogolo. Komabe, zovuta kuchokera pamtengo wamaphunziro, bungwe lazochita zamaphunziro, ndipo kupita patsogolo kwa nthawiyo kukuwonjezeka zaka makumi angapo ndi njira zopindulitsa komanso zothandiza pa zitsanzo zamano za mano. Nthawi yomweyo, chidziwikire ndi umunthu kupita kumano mu mano kumapereka mwayi wokwera mtengo komanso wopatsa mphamvu komanso wopatsa mphamvu popewa ndi kusamala.
Zida zoyambirira zomwe zaperekedwa mu phunziroli zikuphatikizidwa munkhani / zowonjezera, mafunso ena amatha kutumizidwa kwa wolemba wolingana.
Post Nthawi: Jul-05-2024