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Kuphunzira phindu lothandiza la kuphunzira kochokera ku milandu (CBL) pamodzi ndi kuphunzira kosamutsira, kuphunzira kolunjika, kuwunika koyambirira, kuphunzira kotenga nawo mbali, chitsanzo cha pambuyo pa kuwunika ndi chidule (BOPPPS) pophunzitsa ophunzira a digiri ya masters mu opaleshoni ya pakamwa ndi maxillofacial. Kuyambira Januwale mpaka Disembala 2022, ophunzira 38 a digiri yachiwiri ndi yachitatu ya masters mu opaleshoni ya pakamwa ndi maxillofacial adalembedwa ntchito ngati ophunzira ofufuza ndipo adagawidwa mwachisawawa m'gulu lophunzitsira lachikhalidwe la LBL (Learn-based Learning) (anthu 19) ndi gulu lophunzitsira la CBL lophatikizidwa ndi chitsanzo cha BOPPPS (anthu 19). Pambuyo pa maphunzirowa, chidziwitso cha chiphunzitso cha ophunzira chidayesedwa, ndipo sikelo yosinthidwa ya Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) idagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa malingaliro azachipatala a ophunzira. Nthawi yomweyo, luso la ophunzira lophunzitsa komanso luso la aphunzitsi lophunzitsa (TSTE) zidayesedwa, ndipo kukhutira kwa ophunzira ndi zotsatira za kuphunzira kudafufuzidwa. Chidziwitso choyambirira cha chiphunzitso, kusanthula milandu yachipatala, ndi zigoli zonse za gulu loyesera zinali zabwino kuposa za gulu lowongolera, ndipo kusiyana kunali kofunikira pa ziwerengero (P < 0.05). Zigoli zosinthidwa za Mini-CEX clinical critical thinking zinawonetsa kuti kupatula mulingo wolemba mbiri ya milandu, panalibe kusiyana kwa ziwerengero (P > 0.05), zinthu zina 4 ndi zigoli zonse za gulu loyesera zinali zabwino kuposa za gulu lowongolera, ndipo kusiyana kunali kofunikira pa ziwerengero (P < 0.05). Mphamvu yophunzitsira yaumwini, TSTE ndi zigoli zonse zinali zapamwamba kuposa zomwe CBL isanaphatikizidwe ndi njira yophunzitsira ya BOPPPS, ndipo kusiyana kunali kofunikira pa ziwerengero (P < 0.05). Ophunzira a digiri ya masters omwe adasankhidwa mu gulu loyesera ankakhulupirira kuti njira yatsopano yophunzitsira ikhoza kupititsa patsogolo luso la ophunzira loganiza mozama, ndipo kusiyana m'mbali zonse kunali kofunikira pa ziwerengero (P < 0.05). Ophunzira ambiri mu gulu loyesera ankaganiza kuti njira yatsopano yophunzitsira inawonjezera kuthamanga kwa kuphunzira, koma kusiyana sikunali kofunikira pa ziwerengero (P > 0.05). Njira yophunzitsira ya CBL pamodzi ndi njira yophunzitsira ya BOPPPS ingawongolere luso la ophunzira loganiza mozama komanso kuwathandiza kuti azolowere kalembedwe kachipatala. Ndi njira yothandiza kuonetsetsa kuti kuphunzitsa kuli bwino ndipo ndikoyenera kukwezedwa. Ndikoyenera kulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito CBL pamodzi ndi chitsanzo cha BOPPPS mu pulogalamu ya masters ya opaleshoni ya pakamwa ndi maxillofacial, yomwe sikungongowonjezera chidziwitso choyambira cha chiphunzitso ndi luso loganiza mozama la ophunzira a masters, komanso kupititsa patsogolo luso lophunzitsa.
Opaleshoni ya pakamwa ndi ya nkhope ngati nthambi ya mano imadziwika ndi zovuta za matenda ndi chithandizo, matenda osiyanasiyana, komanso zovuta za njira zodziwira matenda ndi chithandizo. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kuchuluka kwa ophunzira omwe amaliza maphunziro awo kwapitirirabe kukwera, koma magwero a kuvomerezedwa kwa ophunzira ndi momwe zinthu zilili ndi maphunziro a ogwira ntchito zikukudetsa nkhawa. Pakadali pano, maphunziro apamwamba amachokera makamaka pakuphunzira payekha kowonjezeredwa ndi maphunziro. Kusowa kwa luso loganiza zachipatala kwapangitsa kuti ophunzira ambiri apamwamba azitha kuchita bwino opaleshoni ya pakamwa ndi ya nkhope atamaliza maphunziro awo kapena kupanga malingaliro ofufuza "oyenera komanso oyenerera". Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuyambitsa njira zatsopano zophunzitsira, kulimbikitsa chidwi cha ophunzira ndi chidwi chawo pophunzira opaleshoni ya pakamwa ndi ya nkhope, ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito azachipatala. Chitsanzo chophunzitsira cha CBL chingaphatikizepo nkhani zazikulu m'zochitika zachipatala, kuthandiza ophunzira kupanga malingaliro abwino azachipatala pokambirana nkhani zachipatala1,2, kulimbikitsa mokwanira njira za ophunzira, ndikuthetsa bwino vuto la kusakwanira kwa kuphatikiza machitidwe azachipatala mu maphunziro achikhalidwe3,4. BOPPPS ndi chitsanzo chophunzitsira chogwira mtima chomwe chaperekedwa ndi North American Workshop on Teaching Skills (ISW), chomwe chapeza zotsatira zabwino pakuphunzitsa zachipatala za unamwino, ana ndi maphunziro ena5,6. CBL pamodzi ndi chitsanzo chophunzitsira cha BOPPPS chimachokera ku milandu yachipatala ndipo chimatenga ophunzira ngati mfundo yaikulu, kukulitsa mokwanira kuganiza mozama kwa ophunzira, kulimbitsa kuphatikiza kwa kuphunzitsa ndi machitidwe azachipatala, kukonza ubwino wa kuphunzitsa ndikukweza maphunziro a maluso pantchito ya opaleshoni ya pakamwa ndi maxillofacial.
Kuti aphunzire kuthekera ndi kufunikira kwa kafukufukuyu, ophunzira 38 a digiri ya masters a chaka chachiwiri ndi chachitatu (19 pachaka chilichonse) ochokera ku Dipatimenti ya Opaleshoni ya Mkamwa ndi Maxillofacial ya Chipatala Choyamba Chogwirizana cha Zhengzhou University adalembedwa ntchito ngati ophunzira kuyambira Januware mpaka Disembala 2022. Adagawidwa mwachisawawa m'gulu loyesera ndi gulu lowongolera (Chithunzi 1). Ophunzira onse adapereka chilolezo chodziwitsidwa. Panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zaka, jenda ndi deta ina yonse pakati pa magulu awiriwa (P>0.05). Gulu loyesera lidagwiritsa ntchito njira yophunzitsira ya CBL pamodzi ndi BOPPPS, ndipo gulu lowongolera lidagwiritsa ntchito njira yophunzitsira yachikhalidwe ya LBL. Maphunziro azachipatala m'magulu onsewa anali miyezi 12. Zofunikira zophatikizidwa zidaphatikizapo: (i) ophunzira a chaka chachiwiri ndi chachitatu a digiri yoyamba mu Dipatimenti ya Opaleshoni ya Mkamwa ndi Maxillofacial ya chipatala chathu kuyambira Januware mpaka Disembala 2022 ndi (ii) ofunitsitsa kutenga nawo mbali mu kafukufukuyu ndikusaina chilolezo chodziwitsidwa. Zofunikira zochotsera ophunzira zinaphatikizaponso (i) ophunzira omwe sanamalize maphunziro azachipatala a miyezi 12 ndi (ii) ophunzira omwe sanamalize mafunso kapena mayeso.
Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu chinali kuyerekeza chitsanzo chophunzitsira cha CBL chophatikizidwa ndi BOPPPS ndi njira yophunzitsira yachikhalidwe ya LBL ndikuwunika momwe chimagwirira ntchito pophunzitsa opaleshoni ya maxillofacial. Chitsanzo chophunzitsira cha CBL chophatikizidwa ndi BOPPPS ndi njira yophunzitsira yozikidwa pa milandu, yoganizira mavuto komanso yoganizira ophunzira. Imathandiza ophunzira kuganiza ndi kuphunzira pawokha mwa kuwadziwitsa za milandu yeniyeni, ndikukulitsa luso la ophunzira loganiza mozama komanso kuthetsa mavuto. Njira yophunzitsira yachikhalidwe ya LBL ndi njira yophunzitsira yozikidwa pa maphunziro, yozikidwa pa kuphunzitsa, yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri kusamutsa chidziwitso ndi kukumbukira ndipo imanyalanyaza zomwe ophunzira akuchita komanso kutenga nawo mbali. Poyerekeza kusiyana pakati pa mitundu iwiri yophunzitsira poyesa chidziwitso cha chiphunzitso, kuwunika luso loganiza mozama zachipatala, kuwunika momwe aphunzitsi amaphunzitsira bwino komanso momwe aphunzitsi amagwirira ntchito, ndi kafukufuku wa mafunso okhudza kukhutira kwa omaliza maphunziro ndi kuphunzitsa, titha kuwunika zabwino ndi zoyipa za chitsanzo cha CBL chophatikizidwa ndi chitsanzo chophunzitsira cha BOPPPS pophunzitsa omaliza maphunziro mu specialty ya Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery ndikuyika maziko owongolera njira zophunzitsira.
Ophunzira a digiri ya masters mu chaka chachiwiri ndi chachitatu mu 2017 adasankhidwa mwachisawawa ku gulu loyesera, lomwe linali ndi ophunzira 8 a chaka chachiwiri ndi ophunzira 11 a chaka chachitatu mu 2017, ndi gulu lowongolera, lomwe linali ndi ophunzira 11 a chaka chachiwiri ndi ophunzira 8 a chaka chachitatu mu 2017.
Chigoli cha chiphunzitso cha gulu loyesera chinali mapointi 82.47±2.57, ndipo chigoli cha mayeso oyambira a luso chinali mapointi 77.95±4.19. Chigoli cha chiphunzitso cha gulu lolamulira chinali mapointi 82.89±2.02, ndipo chigoli cha mayeso oyambira a luso chinali mapointi 78.26±4.21. Panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa chigoli cha chiphunzitso ndi chigoli cha mayeso oyambira a luso pakati pa magulu awiriwa (P>0.05).
Magulu onse awiriwa adaphunzira zachipatala kwa miyezi 12 ndipo adayerekezeredwa pa miyeso ya chidziwitso cha chiphunzitso, luso loganiza zachipatala, luso lophunzitsa payekha, luso la aphunzitsi, komanso kukhutira ndi kuphunzitsa kwa omaliza maphunziro.
Kulankhulana: Pangani gulu la WeChat ndipo mphunzitsi adzatumiza zomwe zili munkhaniyi ndi mafunso okhudzana ndi nkhaniyi ku gulu la WeChat masiku atatu maphunziro aliwonse asanayambe kuti athandize ophunzira omaliza maphunziro awo kumvetsetsa zomwe ayenera kulabadira akamaphunzira.
Cholinga: Kupanga njira yatsopano yophunzitsira yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri kufotokozera, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino, komanso kugwira ntchito bwino, kumawonjezera luso lophunzira komanso pang'onopang'ono kukulitsa luso la ophunzira loganiza mozama.
Kuyesa koyambirira kwa kalasi: Ndi thandizo la mayeso afupiafupi, titha kuwunika mokwanira kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso cha ophunzira ndikusintha njira zophunzitsira pakapita nthawi.
Kuphunzira mwa kutenga nawo mbali: Ichi ndiye maziko a chitsanzo ichi. Kuphunzira kumachokera pa zochitika zenizeni, kulimbikitsa mokwanira njira yodziyimira pawokha ya ophunzira ndikugwirizanitsa mfundo zofunikira.
Chidule: Uzani ophunzira kuti ajambule mapu a malingaliro kapena mtengo wa chidziwitso kuti afotokoze mwachidule zomwe aphunzira.
Mphunzitsiyo anatsatira njira yophunzitsira yachikhalidwe momwe mphunzitsiyo ankalankhulira ndipo ophunzirawo ankamvetsera, popanda kulankhulana kwina, ndikufotokozera wodwalayo za matenda ake kutengera momwe alili.
Zimaphatikizapo chidziwitso choyambira cha chiphunzitso (mfundo 60) ndi kusanthula milandu yachipatala (mfundo 40), chiwerengero chonse ndi mfundo 100.
Ophunzira adapatsidwa ntchito yodziyesa okha odwala m'dipatimenti ya opaleshoni ya pakamwa ndi maxillofacial ndipo ankayang'aniridwa ndi madokotala awiri omwe analipo. Madokotala omwe analipo adaphunzitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito sikelo, sanatenge nawo mbali pa maphunzirowa, ndipo sanadziwe za ntchito zamagulu. Sikelo yosinthidwa ya Mini-CEX idagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa ophunzira, ndipo chigoli chapakati chidatengedwa ngati giredi yomaliza ya wophunzira7. Wophunzira aliyense womaliza maphunziro adzayesedwa kasanu, ndipo chigoli chapakati chidzawerengedwa. Sikelo yosinthidwa ya Mini-CEX imayesa ophunzira omaliza maphunziro pazinthu zisanu: kupanga zisankho zachipatala, luso lolankhulana ndi kulumikizana, kusinthasintha, kupereka chithandizo, ndi kulemba milandu. Chigoli chachikulu pa chinthu chilichonse ndi mapointi 20.
Mulingo Wothandiza Pakuphunzitsa Wopangidwa ndi Ashton ndi TSES wa Yu et al.8 unagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana ndikuwunika momwe CBL imagwiritsidwira ntchito limodzi ndi chitsanzo chozikidwa pa umboni cha BOPPPS pophunzitsa opaleshoni ya pakamwa ndi ya m'maxillofacial. Mulingo wa Likert wa mapointi 6 unagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zigoli zonse kuyambira 27 mpaka 162. Zigoli zambiri zikakwera, luso la mphunzitsi limakhala lalikulu.
Magulu awiri a anthu adafunsidwa mosadziwika pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo yodziyesa kuti amvetse kukhutira kwawo ndi njira yophunzitsira. Chiwerengero cha alpha cha Cronbach cha sikelo chinali 0.75.
Pulogalamu ya ziwerengero ya SPSS 22.0 idagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza deta yoyenera. Deta yonse yogwirizana ndi kugawa kwabwinobwino idafotokozedwa ngati mean ± SD. Chitsanzo chophatikizana cha t-test chidagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza magulu. P < 0.05 idawonetsa kuti kusiyana kunali kofunikira kwambiri pa ziwerengero.
Ziwerengero za chiphunzitso cha zolemba (kuphatikizapo chidziwitso choyambirira cha chiphunzitso, kusanthula milandu yachipatala ndi zigoli zonse) za gulu loyesera zinali zabwino kuposa za gulu lolamulira, ndipo kusiyana kunali kofunikira kwambiri pa ziwerengero (P < 0.05), monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Table 1.
Gawo lililonse linayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito Mini-CEX yosinthidwa. Kupatula kuchuluka kwa mbiri yachipatala yolembedwa, komwe sikunawonetse kusiyana kwa ziwerengero (P> 0.05), zinthu zina zinayi ndi zigoli zonse za gulu loyesera zinali zabwino kuposa za gulu lowongolera, ndipo kusiyana kunali kofunikira kwambiri pa ziwerengero (P< 0.05), monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Table 2.
Pambuyo pokhazikitsa CBL pamodzi ndi chitsanzo chophunzitsira cha BOPPPS, mphamvu ya ophunzira pakuphunzira payekha, zotsatira za TSTE ndi zigoli zonse zinakula poyerekeza ndi nthawi yoyambira kukhazikitsa, ndipo kusiyana kunali kofunikira kwambiri pa ziwerengero (P < 0.05), monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Table 3.
Poyerekeza ndi chitsanzo chachikhalidwe chophunzitsira, CBL pamodzi ndi chitsanzo chophunzitsira cha BOPPPS zimapangitsa kuti zolinga zophunzirira zikhale zomveka bwino, zikuwonetsa mfundo zazikulu ndi zovuta, zimapangitsa kuti zomwe zikuphunzitsidwa zikhale zosavuta kumva, komanso zimathandizira ophunzira kuphunzira, zomwe zimathandiza kuti maganizo awo azachipatala asinthe. Kusiyana kwa mbali zonse kunali kofunikira kwambiri pa ziwerengero (P < 0.05). Ophunzira ambiri m'gulu loyesera ankaganiza kuti chitsanzo chatsopano chophunzitsira chinawonjezera kuchuluka kwa maphunziro awo, koma kusiyana sikunali kofunikira kwambiri pa ziwerengero poyerekeza ndi gulu lolamulira (P > 0.05), monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Table 4.
Zifukwa zomwe ophunzira a digiri ya masters mu opaleshoni ya pakamwa ndi maxillofacial pano sangakwanitse ntchito zachipatala atamaliza maphunziro awo zikuwunikidwa motere: Choyamba, maphunziro a opaleshoni ya pakamwa ndi maxillofacial: panthawi ya maphunziro awo, ophunzira a digiri ya masters amafunika kumaliza maphunziro okhazikika, kuteteza lingaliro, ndikuchita kafukufuku woyambira wazachipatala. Nthawi yomweyo, ayenera kugwira ntchito usiku ndikuchita zinthu zazing'ono zachipatala, ndipo sangathe kumaliza ntchito zonse mkati mwa nthawi yoikika. Kachiwiri, malo azachipatala: pamene ubale wa dokotala ndi wodwala ukukhala wovuta, mwayi wogwira ntchito zachipatala kwa ophunzira a digiri ya masters ukuchepa pang'onopang'ono. Ophunzira ambiri alibe luso lodziwunikira okha komanso kuchiza, ndipo ubwino wawo wonse watsika kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuyambitsa njira zophunzitsira zothandiza kuti zilimbikitse chidwi cha ophunzira ndi chidwi chophunzira ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito a maphunziro azachipatala.
Njira yophunzitsira milandu ya CBL imachokera ku milandu yachipatala9,10. Aphunzitsi amadzutsa mavuto azachipatala, ndipo ophunzira amawathetsa kudzera mu kuphunzira kapena kukambirana pawokha. Ophunzira amachita khama lawo pophunzira ndi kukambirana, ndipo pang'onopang'ono amapanga kuganiza kwathunthu kwachipatala, komwe kumathetsa vuto losakwanira kuphatikiza machitidwe azachipatala ndi kuphunzitsa kwachikhalidwe. Chitsanzo cha BOPPPS chimagwirizanitsa maphunziro angapo odziyimira pawokha poyamba kuti apange netiweki ya chidziwitso chasayansi, chokwanira komanso chomveka bwino, kuthandiza ophunzira kuphunzira bwino ndikugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chomwe adapeza muzochita zachipatala11,12. CBL yophatikizidwa ndi chitsanzo chophunzitsira cha BOPPPS imasintha chidziwitso chomwe sichinali chodziwika kale cha opaleshoni ya maxillofacial kukhala zithunzi ndi zochitika zachipatala13,14, kupereka chidziwitso mwanjira yomveka bwino komanso yowoneka bwino, zomwe zimathandizira kwambiri luso lophunzirira. Zotsatira zake zasonyeza kuti, poyerekeza ndi gulu lowongolera, kugwiritsa ntchito CBL15 pamodzi ndi chitsanzo cha BOPPPS16 pophunzitsa opaleshoni ya maxillofacial kunali kopindulitsa pakukulitsa luso la ophunzira a masters kuganiza mozama, kulimbitsa kuphatikiza kophunzitsa ndi machitidwe azachipatala, ndikukweza khalidwe lophunzitsa. Zotsatira za gulu loyesera zinali zapamwamba kwambiri kuposa za gulu lowongolera. Pali zifukwa ziwiri izi: choyamba, njira yatsopano yophunzitsira yomwe gulu loyesera lidagwiritsa ntchito idawongolera njira yophunzirira ya ophunzira; chachiwiri, kuphatikiza mfundo zambiri zodziwira zinthu kwawongolera kumvetsetsa kwawo chidziwitso chaukadaulo.
Mini-CEX idapangidwa ndi American Academy of Internal Medicine mu 1995 kutengera mtundu wosavuta wa sikelo yachikhalidwe ya CEX17. Sikuti imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'masukulu azachipatala akunja kokha18 komanso imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yowunikira momwe madokotala ndi anamwino amaphunzirira m'masukulu akuluakulu azachipatala ndi masukulu azachipatala ku China19,20. Kafukufukuyu adagwiritsa ntchito sikelo yosinthidwa ya Mini-CEX kuti ayese luso lachipatala la magulu awiri a ophunzira a digiri ya masters. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti kupatula kuchuluka kwa zolemba za mbiri yamilandu, luso lina lachipatala la gulu loyesera linali lalikulu kuposa la gulu lowongolera, ndipo kusiyana kwake kunali kofunikira kwambiri. Izi zili choncho chifukwa njira yophunzitsira yophatikizana ya CBL imaganizira kwambiri kulumikizana pakati pa mfundo zodziwira, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri kukulitsa luso la kuganiza mozama la asing'anga. Lingaliro loyambira la CBL lophatikizidwa ndi chitsanzo cha BOPPPS limayang'ana kwambiri ophunzira, zomwe zimafuna kuti ophunzira aphunzire zida, kukambirana mwachangu ndikufupikitsa, ndikukulitsa kumvetsetsa kwawo kudzera mu zokambirana zochokera kumilandu. Mwa kuphatikiza chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe, chidziwitso chaukadaulo, luso loganiza zachipatala ndi mphamvu zonse zimawongoleredwa.
Anthu omwe ali ndi luso lapamwamba lophunzitsa adzakhala otanganidwa kwambiri pantchito yawo ndipo adzatha kupititsa patsogolo luso lawo lophunzitsa bwino. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti aphunzitsi omwe adagwiritsa ntchito CBL pamodzi ndi chitsanzo cha BOPPPS pophunzitsa opaleshoni ya pakamwa anali ndi luso lapamwamba lophunzitsa bwino komanso luso lophunzitsa payekha kuposa omwe sanagwiritse ntchito njira yatsopano yophunzitsira. Akuti CBL pamodzi ndi chitsanzo cha BOPPPS sikuti imangowonjezera luso la ophunzira lochita zachipatala, komanso imathandizira luso la aphunzitsi lophunzitsa bwino. Zolinga za aphunzitsi zophunzitsira zimamveka bwino ndipo chidwi chawo pa kuphunzitsa chimakhala chapamwamba. Aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira amalankhulana pafupipafupi ndipo amatha kugawana ndikuwunikanso zomwe akuphunzitsa munthawi yake, zomwe zimathandiza aphunzitsi kulandira mayankho kuchokera kwa ophunzira, zomwe zimathandiza kupititsa patsogolo luso lophunzitsa komanso luso lophunzitsa bwino.
Zoletsa: Kukula kwa chitsanzo cha kafukufukuyu kunali kochepa ndipo nthawi yophunzirira inali yochepa. Kukula kwa chitsanzo kuyenera kuwonjezeredwa ndipo nthawi yotsatila iyenera kuwonjezeredwa. Ngati kafukufuku wa malo ambiri wapangidwa, titha kumvetsetsa bwino luso lophunzirira la ophunzira omaliza maphunziro apamwamba. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsanso zabwino zomwe zingachitike pophatikiza CBL ndi chitsanzo cha BOPPPS pophunzitsa opaleshoni ya pakamwa ndi maxillofacial. Mu maphunziro ang'onoang'ono, mapulojekiti a malo ambiri okhala ndi zitsanzo zazikulu amayambitsidwa pang'onopang'ono kuti apeze zotsatira zabwino zofufuzira, motero amathandizira pakukula kwa maphunziro a opaleshoni ya pakamwa ndi maxillofacial.
CBL, pamodzi ndi chitsanzo chophunzitsira cha BOPPPS, imayang'ana kwambiri pakukulitsa luso la ophunzira lodziyimira pawokha komanso kukonza luso lawo lozindikira matenda ndi kupanga zisankho zamankhwala, kuti ophunzira athe kuthetsa bwino mavuto a pakamwa ndi pakhungu pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro a madokotala ndikuzolowera mwachangu kamvekedwe ndi kusintha kwa machitidwe azachipatala. Iyi ndi njira yothandiza yotsimikizira mtundu wa kuphunzitsa. Timagwiritsa ntchito njira zabwino kwambiri kunyumba ndi kunja ndipo timaziyika pamlingo weniweni wa luso lathu. Izi sizingothandiza ophunzira kufotokozera bwino malingaliro awo ndikuphunzitsa luso lawo loganiza bwino zachipatala, komanso zimathandiza kukonza luso lophunzitsa motero kukonza mtundu wa kuphunzitsa. Ndi yoyenera kukwezedwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuchipatala.
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Nthawi yotumizira: Marichi-17-2025