Pachikhalidwe, aphunzitsi aphunzitsa mayeso atsopano (pe) kwa obwera kumene (ophunzira), ngakhale ali ndi mavuto omwe ali ndi ntchito komanso ndalama zogwirira ntchito.
Tikupangira chitsanzo chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito magulu okhazikika a alangizi a ophunzitsira (Spis) ndi ophunzira achipatala achipatala a zaka 4 (MS4S) kuphunzitsa ophunzira masewera olimbitsa thupi, kugwiritsa ntchito mokwanira kuphunzira kwa anzawo komanso othandiza anzawo.
Sungani kafukufuku wochita sekondale, MS4 ndi Ophunzira a Spa adavumbulutsa malingaliro abwino a pulogalamuyi, ndi ophunzira a MS4 akunena za kusintha kwakukulu muukadaulo wawo monga aphunzitsi. Kuchita zoyeserera kwa ophunzira asanayesere mayeso a kasupe.
Gulu la Spi-MS4 limatha kuphunzitsa mwamphamvu ophunzira amakina amakanikizi ndi matenda a masewera a novice.
Ophunzira atsopano azachipatala (akhambiri adokotala) amaphunzira mayeso oyambira akuthupi (PE) kumayambiriro kwa sukulu yachipatala. Khazikitsani makalasi ophunzitsira akuthupi a Ophunzira kusukulu. Pachikhalidwe, kugwiritsa ntchito aphunzitsi kumakhalanso ndi zovuta, 1) ndi okwera mtengo; 3) Zimakhala zovuta kulemba; 4) Ndizovuta kutengera; 5) Mavuto atha kubuka; Zolakwika zodziwikiratu komanso zodziwikiratu [1] 6) sizingadziwe kuti maphunziridwe ophunzitsira olimbitsa thupi ndi osakwanira [4];
Makamaka ophunzitsira bwino amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito odwala eniele [5], ophunzira kapena omwe anali ndi zaka zambiri, ndipo amaika anthu [8] monga alangizi. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti mitundu iyi yonse ili yofanana ndi maphunziro omwe maphunziro amakumana pochita maphunziro satsika chifukwa cha omwe amatenga nawo gawo chifukwa cha ophunzira nawo. Komabe, owerenga amakumana ndi zokumana nazo m'matumbo achipatala [9] Kuti tithene ndi kufunikira kwa kukhazikika kwa chiphunzitso cha maphunziro olimbitsa thupi, gulu la aphunzitsi kuwonjezeredwa modabwitsa kuphunzitsidwa kwawo [Chithunzi patsamba 10]. Pa George Washington University (Gwa) Sukulu ya zamankhwala, tikunena izi kudzera mu mtundu wa magulu okhazikika a aphunzitsi a ophunzitsa odwala (Spis) ndi ophunzira adokotala (MS4S). (Chithunzi 1) SPI imaphatikizidwa ndi MS4 kuti aphunzitse za ophunzira. SPI imapereka ukadaulo m'makina a mayeso a MS4 pakuwunika kwachipatala. Mtunduwu umagwiritsa ntchito kuphunzira mogwirizana, komwe ndi chida champhamvu chophunzirira [11]. Chifukwa SP imagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi masukulu azachipatala onse azamapatala ndi masukulu ambiri apadziko lonse [12, 13], ndipo masukulu ambiri azachipatala ali ndi mapulogalamu ophunzirira ophunzira, mtunduwu uli ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito. Cholinga cha nkhaniyi ndikufotokozera mtundu wapadera wamasewera a Spi-MS4 (Chithunzi 1).
Kufotokozera mwachidule za mtundu wophunzitsira wa MS4-SPI. MS4: Phunziro la Chaka Wachipatala Sti: Wophunzitsidwa bwino;
Kuzindikira kofunikira (pdx) ku GWU ndi gawo limodzi la maphunziro apamwamba a chisanachitike matenda. Zophatikizira zina: 1) Kuphatikizidwa kwamankhwala (magawo a gulu potengera mfundo za PBL); 2) Mafunso; 3) Zochita zolimbitsa thupi zimapanga; 4) maphunziro azachipatala (kugwiritsa ntchito luso lachipatala mwa kuchita zidodo); 5) Kuphunzitsa za chitukuko cha akatswiri; PDX imagwira m'magulu a 4-5 ophunzirira omwe amagwira ntchito pa timu yomweyo ya Spi-ms4, amakumana kasanu ndi kamodzi pachaka kwa maola atatu aliyense. Kukula kwa kalasi ndi ophunzira pafupifupi 180, ndipo chaka chilichonse ophunzira pakati pa 60 ndi 90 ms4 amasankhidwa kukhala aphunzitsi a maphunziro a PDX.
MS4 amalandira maphunziro aphunzitsi athu kudzera pazokambirana zathu (zophunzitsa) ndi maluso) aphunzitsi apamwamba amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zokambirana za kuphunzira, zomwe zimaphunzitsa, komanso kupereka mayankho [14]. Spis ikulowa pulogalamu yophunzitsira yophunzitsira yophunzitsira yophunzitsidwa ndi kalasi yathu yoyeserera (jo). Maphunziro a SP amapangidwa mozungulira malangizo omwe akupangidwa ndi aphunzitsi omwe akuphatikizidwa ndi mfundo za kuphunzira zachikulire, masitaeni ophunzirira, komanso utsogoleri wa gulu komanso chidwi. Makamaka, maphunziro ndi kulumikizana ndi miyezo imachitika m'magawo angapo, kuyambira nthawi yachilimwe komanso ikupita chaka chonse cha sukulu. Kodi maphunziro akuphatikizapo bwanji kuphunzitsa, kulumikizidwa ndi kuchita makalasi; momwe phunziroli limayenderana ndi maphunziro onse; Momwe mungaperenira; Momwe mungachitire zolimbitsa thupi ndikuphunzitsa kwa ophunzira. Kuyesa luso la pulogalamuyi, spis iyenera kupititsa mayeso omwe amaperekedwa ndi membala wa SP.
Ms4 ndi Spsi adatenga nawo mbali mu gulu la gulu la maola awiri kuti afotokozere maudindo awo okwanira pokonzekera ndikukhazikitsa maphunziro ndikuwunika ophunzira ndikuwunika ophunzira omwe amaphunzitsa zisanachitike. Kapangidwe koyambira ka malowa anali mtundu wa GRPI (zolinga, magwiridwe antchito, malingaliro osinthira) pophunzitsa zinthu zomwe zikuchitika (15, 16]. Kugwira ntchito limodzi ngati mgwirizano kumasasinthana ndi malingaliro azachuma komanso zophunzirira izi: Kuphunzira kumadziwika m'magulu ochezeka pakati pa mamembala a gulu [17].
Maphunziro a PDX amapangidwa mozungulira pakatikati komanso masango (a) mtundu [18] Phunziro [Chithunzi patsamba 18] Ophunzira aphunzira gawo loyamba la C + C, mayeso a mafunso 40 ophimba ziwalo zazikulu. Mayeso oyambira ndi njira yosavuta komanso yothandiza kwambiri yomwe imangopeputsa ndalama zochepa kuposa kuwunika kwachikhalidwe. Mayeso a Core ndi abwino kukonzekeretsa ophunzira kuti adziwe zoyambirira ndipo amavomerezedwa ndi masukulu ambiri. Apa ndi ophunzira kenako apita ku gawo lachiwiri la C + C, tsango la matenda, lomwe ndi gulu la hypothesis-hypothesis h & Ps olinganiza maluso apadera opangidwa ndi maluso azachipatala. Kupweteka pachifuwa ndi zitsanzo za mawonekedwe azachipatala chonchi (tebulo 1). Masango amatulutsa zinthu zoyambira pamayesero (mwachitsanzo, katswiri wowonjezera, wowonjezera, zomwe zimathandizira kuti mumvetsetse zovuta zowonjezera (mwachitsanzo, kumvetsera kwa mtima wowonjezera). C + C imaphunzitsidwa kwa miyezi 18 ndipo maphunziro amapitilira, ndipo ophunzira amaphunzitsidwa mayeso pafupifupi 40 mota kwambiri, kenako, ndikakonzeka, ndikusamukira kumagulu oyimira dongosolo. Zochitika Zophunzira (mwachitsanzo, kupweteka pachifuwa ndi kufupika kwa mpweya nthawi ya mtima kutchinga).
Pokonzekera maphunziro a PDX, ophunzira omwe achita kale amaphunzira ma protocol owerengera (Chithunzi 2) ndi maphunziro ophunzitsira a PDX, zolemba zamagetsi, komanso makanema ofotokozera. Nthawi yonse yofunikira kuti ophunzira akonzekere maphunzirowa ndi pafupifupi mphindi 60-90. Zimaphatikizaponso kuwerenga mapaketi a cluster (masamba 12), kuwerenga mutu wa Bayit (~ 20 masamba), ndikuwonera vidiyo (2-6). Gulu la MS4-SPI limapangitsa misonkhano m'njira yosasinthika pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu womwe wafotokozedwa mu bukuli (tebulo 1). Choyamba amayesa pakamwa (nthawi zambiri pamafunso a gawo lachitatu (mwachitsanzo, kodi phydiology ndi tanthauzo yanji ya S3?). Kenako adawunikiranso ma protocol omwe akuwunika ndikuwonetsa kukayikira kwa ophunzira omwe akuyamba maphunziro omaliza maphunziro. Maphunziro a maphunzirowa ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi omaliza. Choyamba, ophunzira akukonzekera kuyeserera masewera olimbitsa thupi wina ndi mnzake komanso pa spi ndi kupereka ndemanga kwa timu. Pomaliza, SPI imawapatsa maphunziro pa "osces ang'onoang'ono opanga." Ophunzira adagwira ntchito awiriawiri kuti awerenge nkhaniyo ndikupanga zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zizichitika pa spi. Kenako, kutengera zotsatira za fizikisi yoyeserera, ophunzira omaliza maphunzirowa zisanachitike amayika owonera ndikupempha kuti adziwe zambiri. Pambuyo pa maphunzirowo, gulu la SPI-MS4 linayesedwa wophunzira aliyense kenako ndikuchita zodziwunikira komanso kuzindikiritsa madera osinthira maphunziro otsatira (Gome 1). Mayankho ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pamaphunzirowa. SPI ndi MS4 imapereka ndemanga zowonjezera mu gawo lililonse. SPI ndi MS4 imaperekanso zolemba zambiri kumapeto kwa semesita iliyonse. Mayankho ovomerezeka awa amalowa mu magwiridwe antchito oyang'anira zamankhwala oyang'anira zamankhwala oyang'anira kumapeto kwa semesita iliyonse ndikukhudza kalasi yomaliza.
Ophunzira akukonzekera ma ntchombolo adagawana malingaliro awo pazomwe adakumana nazo pakufufuza komwe kumachitika ndi a George Washington ku University of Spanction ndi kafukufuku. Makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu zisanu ndi chimodzi peresenti ya ophunzira omaliza adagwirizana mwamphamvu kapena kuvomera kuti maphunziro odziwika bwinowo anali amtengo wapatali ndipo adaphatikizidwanso ndemanga:
"Ndikukhulupirira kuti maphunziro akuthupi akuthupi ndi maphunziro abwinobwino azachipatala; Mwachitsanzo, mukamaphunzitsa kuchokera kwa wophunzira wachinayi komanso wodwala, zinthuzo ndizofunikira komanso zolimbikitsidwa ndi zomwe zikuchitika mkalasi.
"SPI imapereka uphungu wabwino panjira zothandiza kuchita njira ndipo amapereka malangizo abwino kwambiri pazomwe zingayambitse kusasangalala kwa odwala."
"Spi ndi MS4 imagwirira ntchito bwino limodzi ndikupereka malingaliro atsopano pophunzitsa zomwe ndizofunika kwambiri. MS4 imapereka chidziwitso pazolinga za kuphunzitsa muzachipatala.
"Ndikufuna kuti tikumane pafupipafupi. Ichi ndi gawo lomwe ndimakonda kwambiri zamankhwala ndipo ndimamva ngati zitheke mwachangu kwambiri. "
Ena mwa oyankha, 100% ya spi (n = 16 [100%] ndi MS4 (n = 77 [77] adati zophunzitsa zawo monga zabwino; 91% ndi 93%, motsatana, kwa Spis ndi mS4S adati adakumana ndi wophunzitsa wa PDX; zokumana nazo zabwino zikugwira ntchito limodzi.
Kusanthula kwathu koyenerera kwa zomwe amawakonda kwambiri pakukumana ndi aphunzitsi: 1) Kukhazikitsa chiphunzitso chophunzirira: 2) Kukonzekera Kuphunzitsa: Kukonzekera ntchito yoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, poganiza mafunso ophunzirira, komanso mogwirizana kuti mupeze mayankho; 3) Ukadaulo wodabwitsa; 4) Zoyembekeza Zoposa: Kufika molawirira ndikuchoka mochedwa; 5) Mayankho: Cholinganiza pa nthawi yake, cholinga, cholimbikitsa komanso cholimbikitsa; Perekani zophunzitsira ndi upangiri wophunzirira maphunziro, momwe mungakhalire bwino maphunziro athunthu, ndi upangiri wantchito.
Maziko Ophunzira Amatenga nawo gawo pamayeso atatu omaliza kumapeto kwa semester wa masika. Kuti tiwone bwino pulogalamu yathu, timayerekezera magwiridwe antchito a Ophunzirawo muzochitika za Osce kale ndi pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa pulogalamuyi mu 2010. Kupatula chaka chakusintha kwa 2010, tiyerekezere ndi zisonyezo za osce kasupe wa maphunziro akuthupi a 2007-2009 ndi zisonyezo za 2011-2014. Chiwerengero cha ophunzira omwe amatenga nawo mbali kuyambira 170 mpaka 185 pachaka: Ophunzira 532 omwe ali ndi gulu lazomwe amalowererapo ndi ophunzira 714 omwe ali ndi gulu lazomwe amalowererapo.
Osces ambiri kuchokera ku 2007-2009 ndi 2011-2014 Kuyesa kwa masika kumafotokozedwa, olemedwa ndi kukula kwa pachaka. Gwiritsani ntchito zitsanzo ziwiri kuti muyerekezetse GPA yochuluka ya chaka chilichonse cha nthawi yapitayi ndi Gumulatitive GPA yotsatira yoyeserera. GW GWB inasokoneza kafukufukuyu ndipo anapeza kuti ophunzira aphunzire mosadziwika kuti amagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha maphunziro.
Njira yoyeserera yoyeserera yowonjezereka idakwera kwambiri kuchokera ku 83.4 (SD = n = 9,9) Pambuyo pa pulogalamuyo (6, 5; 95 ku 7.4; p <0.0001) (Gome 3). Komabe, popeza kusinthaku kuchokera pakuphunzitsa antchito osaphunzitsidwa komwe kumakhudzanso maphunziro, kusiyana mu osce sikungafotokozedwe komveka bwino.
Mtundu wa Magulu a Spi-MS4 ndi njira yatsopano yophunzitsira chidziwitso choyambirira kwa ophunzira azachipatala kuti akonzekere kuwonekera kwachipatala. Izi zimapereka njira ina yothandiza popewa zopinga zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi aphunzitsi. Ilinso ndi yofunikanso ku gulu lophunzitsidwa ndi ophunzira awo ochita izi: onsewa amapindula pophunzira limodzi. Phindu limaphatikizapo kuphunzitsa ophunzira asanayesere malingaliro osiyanasiyana komanso zitsanzo zogwirizana [Chithunzi patsamba 23]. Malingaliro ena omwe amaphunzira mogwirizana amapanga malo opanga anthu opanga pafupifupi 10. Ms4s amapindulanso ndi kuphunzira kothandiza, ndikuwakonzekeretsa kuti agwire ntchito zam'tsogolo ndi akatswiri azaumoyo.
Chitsanzo chathu chimaphatikizanso phindu la kuphunzira kwa anzanu [24]. Ophunzira asanaphunzitse chifukwa cha kugwirizanitsa kwa kufooka, malo ophunzirira bwino, MS4 Sociazation ndi njira ziwiri, ndi "kuphunzira kwawo koyambirira ndi kwa ena; Amawonetsanso chitukuko chawo pophunzitsa anzawo ndi mwayi wophunzitsidwa ndi aphunzitsi omwe akukula ndi kukonza luso lawo ndi kupenda mayeso. Kuphatikiza apo, zophunzitsira zawo zophunzitsira zimawakonzekeretsa kukhala aphunzitsi ogwira mtima pophunzitsa kuti agwiritse ntchito njira zophunzirira umboni.
Maphunzirowa adaphunzitsidwa panthawi yotsatirayi. Choyamba, ndikofunikira kuzindikira zovuta za ubale wambiri pakati pa MS4 ndi SPI, monga madera ena samamvetsetsa bwino momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito bwino. Maudindo owonekera, Mabuku atsatanetsatane ndi Ntchito Zochita za Gulu Lamagulu Amathana ndi izi. Maphunziro achiwiri, atsatanetsatane ayenera kuperekedwa kuti athetse ntchito za gulu. Ngakhale magawo a alangizi onse ayenera kuphunzitsidwa kuti aphunzitse, Spli ayenera kuphunzitsidwa momwe angapangire maluso oyeserera omwe MS4 wadziwa kale. Chachitatu, Kukonzekera mosamala kumafunikira kuti mukhale ndi dongosolo la MS4 ndikuwonetsetsa kuti gulu lonse lili pachiwopsezo chilichonse chowunikira. Mapulogalamu achinayi, atsopano omwe akuyembekezeka kukumana ndi kukana ndi kasamalidwe kaanthu, ndi zotsutsana mwamphamvu m'malo mwa mtengo wake;
Mwachidule, mtundu wa matenda opatsirana pophunzitsa umayimira mtundu wapadera komanso wowoneka bwino womwe ophunzira azachipatala angaphunzire bwino maluso athu ophunzitsidwa mosamala. Popeza pafupifupi sukulu zonse zamankhwala ku United States ndipo masukulu ambiri achipatala ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito SP, ndipo masukulu ambiri azachipatala ali ndi mapulogalamu a ophunzira ophunzirira ophunzira, mtunduwu uli ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito.
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Post Nthawi: Meyi-11-2024