Mitundu itatu yosindikizidwa (3dpams) ikuwoneka kuti ndi chida choyenera chifukwa cha phindu lawo la maphunziro ndi kuthekera kwawo. Cholinga cha ndemanga iyi ndikufotokoza njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga 3dpam kuti ziphunzitse matupi aanthu ndikuwunika.
Kusaka kwamagetsi kudachitika kugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mawu awa: Maphunziro, sukulu, kuphunzira, kusindikiza, kusindikizidwa, kotumphuka, ndi anatero. . . Zomwe zimapezeka zinaphatikizapo mikhalidwe yophunzira, kapangidwe ka chikhalidwe, kuwunika morphilogical, kugwiritsa ntchito maphunziro, mphamvu ndi zofooka.
Pakati pa nkhani zosankhidwa 68, chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha maphunziro omwe amayang'ana kudera la Romnial (33); Nkhani 51 imanena kuti kusindikiza mafupa. Mu 47 nkhani, 3dpam idapangidwa malinga ndi tomography. Njira zisanu zosindikizira zidalembedwa. Pulasitiki ndi zochokera kuzinthu zawo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kafukufuku wa 48. Kapangidwe kalikonse kumachokera ku $ 1.25 mpaka $ 2,800. Maphunziro makumi atatu ndi asanu ndi awiri poyerekeza 3dpam omwe ali ndi mitundu. Nkhani 30 ndi zitatu zinawunikidwa zochitika zina. Phindu lalikulu ndi mtundu wowoneka komanso wosamala, kuchita bwino, matenda obwerezabwereza, kuphatikiza kwa nthawi yogwira ntchito, kuphatikiza kwa malingaliro ndi aphunzitsi / ophunzira. Zoyipa zazikuluzikulu ndizokhudzana ndi kapangidwe kake: kusasinthasintha, kusowa kwa tsatanetsatane, mitundu yomwe imawoneka bwino kwambiri, yopikisano yayitali.
Kanemayu akuwonetsa kuti 3dpam ndiwotsika mtengo komanso wothandiza pophunzitsa anatomy. Motsatira zenizeni zimafunikira kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje odula 3D ndi nthawi yayitali, zomwe zimawonjezera mtengo wonsewo. Chinsinsi chake ndikusankha njira yoyenera. Kuchokera pamalingaliro owoneka bwino, 3dpam ndi chida chothandiza pophunzitsa anatomy, ndikuthandizana ndi zotsatira zophunzirira komanso kukhutitsidwa. Chiphunzitso cha 3dpam chimakhala bwino pakagamera madera osokoneza bongo ndi ophunzira amagwiritsa ntchito kumayambiriro kwa chithandizo chamankhwala.
Kusakanikira mitembo ya nyama yachitidwa kuyambira ku Greece wakale ndipo ndi imodzi mwa njira zazikulu zophunzitsira kwatomy. Mavuto a Cadavesic omwe amachitidwa nthawi yophunzirira amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu maphunziro am'miniti a yunivesite wamayunivesite wa University ndipo amawerengedwa kuti ndi muyezo wagolide [1,2,425). Komabe, pali zopinga zambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito fanizo la Cadaver la anthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kufunafuna zida zatsopano zophunzitsira [6, 7]. Zina mwa zida zatsopanozi zimaphatikizapo zenizeni, zida zama digilo, ndi kusindikiza 3. Malinga ndi kuwunika kwa mabuku kwaposachedwa ndi Santos et al. [8] .
Kusindikiza 3D silatsopano. Patsamba loyamba logwirizana ndi tsiku laukadaulo lino mpaka pa 1984: O Féhauté ndi JC André pambuyo pa France, ndipo masabata atatu pambuyo pake C HALT ku USA. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ukadaulo wapitiliza kusintha ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwakulira m'malo ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Naga adasindikiza chinthu choyamba padziko lapansi mu 2014 [11]. Ndondomeko ya zamankhwala yatengera chida chatsopanochi, potero kuwonjezera pa chidwi chopanga mankhwala adongosolo [12].
Olemba ambiri awonetsa mapindu ogwiritsa ntchito 3D yosindikizidwa manatomical mitundu (3dpam) mu maphunziro azachipatala [10, 13, 13, 16, 18, 19]. Mukamaphunzitsa matupi a anthu, mitundu yopanda matenda komanso yopanda matendawa ndizofunikira. Ndemanga zina zasanthula zathanzi kapena zophunzitsira za zamankhwala pa intaneti [8, 20, 21]. Kuti mukhale ndi chitsanzo chosakanizidwa chophunzitsira kwa anthu ambiri omwe amapanga zida zatsopano monga kusindikiza mwadongosolo pofotokoza zinthu 3D.
Kuwunika kwa kawonedwe kwa mabuku kumeneku kunachitika mu June 2022 popanda nthawi yoletsa kugwiritsa ntchito prisma (omwe mumakonda malipoti owunikira mwatsatanetsatane ndi meta-].
Kuphatikiza njira zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kafukufukuyu pogwiritsa ntchito 3dpam mu anatomy kuphunzitsa / kuphunzira. Ndemanga, makalata, kapena zolemba zomwe zimangoyang'ana pamitundu, mitundu yofukula zinyama, mitundu yofukula za m'mabwinja, ndi mitundu yamankhwala / opaleshoni yophunzitsira sanasankhidwe. Zolemba zokha zomwe zimasindikizidwa mu Chingerezi zinasankhidwa. Zolemba popanda kupezeka pa intaneti sizinatengedwe. Zolemba zomwe zidaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri, imodzi mwazomwe zinali zodziwika bwino kapena sizinakhudze phindu lophunzitsa, zidaphatikizidwa.
Kusaka kwa mabuku kudachitika mu database ya magetsi Cluental, 3D, 3D, kusindikiza, kusindikiza, kusindikiza, kotomy, kotomy ndi anatomy. Funso limodzi lidaphedwa: ((((Maphunziro (mutu /) Maphunziro [Mutu / Zowonjezera]) ndi (Mitu itatu] kapena mutu wa 3D [mutu]) ] Zolemba zowonjezereka zidadziwika ndi kusanthula pamanja kupezeka kwa database ndikuwunikiranso maumboni ena asayansi. Palibe zoletsa za tsiku lomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma "munthu" wagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Maudindo onse obwezeretsedwa ndi zojambula zomwe adapeza zimasokonezedwa ndi olemba awiri (ebr ndi al), ndipo phunziroli lopanda chilichonse kukwaniritsa zonse zomwe zingathetsedwe. Mabuku onse a maphunziro otsalawa adatengedwa ndikuwunikiridwa ndi olemba atatu (ebr, Ebe ndi al). Pakufunika, kusagwirizana pakusankha zolemba adathetsedwa ndi munthu wachinayi (lt). Mabuku omwe adakumana ndi njira zonse kuphatikiza njira zomwe zidaphatikizidwa.
Kuchotsa deta kudachitika mwaokha ndi olemba awiri (ebr ndi al) moyang'aniridwa ndi wolemba wachitatu (Lt).
- Zojambulajambula Zojambula: Zigawo za Anatomical, magawo ena a anatomical, mtundu woyamba wa kusindikiza 3D, gawo la procesting, mtundu, mtundu, mtundu, mtengo, mtengo wosindikiza.
- Kuwunika kwa Morphilogical kwa Morphiological: Mitundu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza, kuwunika kwamankhwala kwa akatswiri / aphunzitsi, kuchuluka kwa owunikira, mtundu wa kuyerekeza.
- Phunzitsani mtundu wa 3D: Kuyesa kwa chidziwitso cha ophunzira, njira yowunikira, kuchuluka kwa ophunzira, kuchuluka kwa ophunzira, magulu a ophunzira, maphunziro / mtundu wa ophunzira.
Kafukufuku wa 418 adazindikiridwa mu Medili, ndipo nkhani 139 sizinatchulidwe ndi "Fyuluta" ya anthu. Atawunikira maudindo ndi zotsatsa, maphunziro 103 adasankhidwa kuti awerenge mawu onse. Nkhani 34 sizinapezeke chifukwa anali mitundu ya chathalogical ). Zolemba zonse 68 zidaphatikizidwa mu ndemanga. Chithunzi 1 chimapereka njira yosankhidwa ngati tchati choyenda.
Cha Cha Cha Chart Kufotokozera mwachidule chizindikiritso, kuwunika, ndi kuphatikiza zolemba mwatsatanetsatane
Maphunziro onse adasindikizidwa pakati pa 2014 ndi 2022, ndi chaka chambiri chofalitsa cha 2019. Pakati pa 68. kuyesa. Ofotokozera mokwanira. Mwa 50 (73%) maphunziro oyesera, 21 (31%) kugwiritsa ntchito mosasintha. Maphunziro 34 okha (50%) adaphatikizapo kusanthula kwa masipoti. Gome 1 limafotokoza mwachidule mawonekedwe a kafukufuku aliyense.
Zolemba 33 (48%) adasanthula dera la mutu, zolemba 19 (28%) adafufuza dera la Thoracic, zomwe 25%) adasanthula dera la Abdolanopalvic, ndi 15% (22%) adayesa malekezero. Zolemba makumi asanu ndi chimodzi (75%) zotchulidwa za 3D) monga mitundu ya anatomical kapena mitundu yambiri.
Ponena za mitundu kapena mafayilo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga 3dpam, zolemba 23 (34%) adatchulapo kugwiritsa ntchito deta ya deta, ndipo nkhani 17 (25%) adatchulapo zosunga zosunga zosunga zosunga zosunga. adagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo maphunziro 7 (10%) sanawulule zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Maphunziro 47 (69%) omwe adapangidwa 3dpam kutengera ndi amoged tomography, ndi maphunziro atatu (4%) adanenanso kugwiritsa ntchito microctict. Makalata 7 (10%) omwe amapangidwa ndi zinthu za 3 zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mawonedwe owoneka bwino, 6%) pogwiritsa ntchito maryi, ndi 1% (1%) pogwiritsa ntchito makamera ndi ma microscopes. 14 Zolemba (21%) sizinatchule gwero la mafayilo a zilembo za 3D. Mafayilo 3d amapangidwa ndi lingaliro lalikulu la malo ochepera 0,5 mm. Kuthetsa koyenera ndi 30 μm [80] ndi chiwerengero chachikulu ndi 1.5 mm [32].
Mapulogalamu asanu ndi limodzi osiyanasiyana (magawo, kuphatikiza, kapangidwe kapena kusindikiza) kunagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mmisiri (matumbo, leun, Belgium) idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri (maphunziro 14), 3%, NC), Leesville) . . (Maphunziro 7, 10%).
Mitundu sikisite isanu ndi iwiri yosindikiza ndi njira zisanu zosindikizira zimatchulidwa. FDM (yogwiritsidwa ntchito poyambira) Technology) idagwiritsidwa ntchito pazogulitsa 26 (38%), zophulika zazinthu 13 (19%) ndikutsitsimutsa (zinthu 11, 16%). Ma tekinoloje ochepa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi stereolithography (s sp) (zolemba 5, 7%) ndikusankha laser laser (sls) (zolemba 4, 6%). Phiri losindikiza lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri (zolemba 7, 10%) ndi lograx 500 (limakhazikika, Rehavot, Israeli).
Mukamafotokoza zinthuzo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga 3dpam (zolemba 51, 75%), maphunziro 48 (71%) amagwiritsa ntchito mapulasitiki ndi zochokera. Zida zazikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zinali za pla (polylactic acid) (n = 29%), 3% (n = 13%) ndi 10%). 23 Zolemba (34%) Kuyesedwa kwa 3dpam yopangidwa ndi zinthu zingapo, zolemba 36 (56%) zomwe zidanenedwa ndi 3dpam zopangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu chimodzi zokha, ndi 9 zolemba (13%) sizinatchule zinthu.
Zolemba makumi awiri ndi zisanu ndi zinayi (43%) idanenedwa zosindikizira kuchokera pa 0,25: 1 mpaka 2: 1, ndi avareji ya 1: 1. Zolemba makumi awiri ndi zisanu (37%) gwiritsani ntchito 1: 1. 28 31%) Yokhala ndi mitundu yambiri, ndipo 9 (13) idapambidwa mutasindikiza [43, 49, 54, 58, 58, 65, 65, 75, 75, 75].
Zolemba makumi atatu ndi zinayi (50%) ndalama zotchulidwa. 9 Zolemba (13%) adatchula mtengo wa osindikiza 3D ndi zida zopangira. Phatikizani pamtengo kuchokera $ 302 mpaka $ 65,000. Pomwe zidanenedwa, mitengo yachitsanzo yamtunduwu kuyambira $ 1.25 mpaka $ 2,800; Zochita izi zimafanana ndi mafupa a mafupa [47] ndi zapamwamba kwambiri-remider rephetoneal mitundu [48]. Gome 2 Kufotokozera mwachidule deta yachitsanzo yomwe aliyense adaphatikizapo kuphunzira.
Maphunziro makumi atatu mphambu asanu ndi awiri (54%) adayerekeza ndi 3Dapm ku mtundu wowerengera. Mwa maphunziro awa, wofala kwambiri anali mtundu wa anatomical, wogwiritsidwa ntchito mu 14 (38%), kukonzekera kwa zilembo 6 (16%), kukonza kopulata m'ma 6 (16%). Kugwiritsa ntchito zenizeni, tomograph yolumikizidwa ndi 1dpam imodzi (14%), gawo lina), ma radiography mu 1 1 (3%) ndi zenizeni zomwe zili mu gawo limodzi (3%). Maphunziro makumi atatu mphambu anayi (50%) oyesedwa 3dpam. Maphunziro a khumi ndi asanu (48%) adafotokoza zomwe zidanenedwa mwatsatanetsatane (tebulo 3). 3dpam idachitidwa ndi madokotala opanga madokotala mu maphunziro 7 (47%), akatswiri opanga mabwana 6 (40%), ophunzira (20%) mu maphunziro atatu (20%) pakuwunika Ndipo wowunika wina wina mu nkhaniyi (7%). Chiwerengero chapamwamba cha owunikira ndi 14 (osachepera 2, okwanira 30). Maphunziro makumi atatu ndi atatu (49%) oyesedwa morphology moyenera, ndi maphunziro 10 (15%) oyesedwa morphology. Mwa maphunziro 33 omwe adagwiritsa ntchito mayesero oyenerera, 16%), 9 ogwiritsa ntchito mayesedwe / ma serations / kafukufuku (27%), ndi 8%). Gome 3 limafotokoza mwachidule ma morfalogical omwe amawunika m'maphunziro onse.
Zolemba makumi atatu ndi zitatu (48%) zomwe zimayesedwa ndikufanizira luso la kuphunzitsa 3dpam kwa ophunzira. Mwa maphunzirowa, 23 (70%) Zolemba zoyesedwa kwa ophunzira, 17 (51%) zogwiritsidwa ntchito masikelo a ITT, ndipo 6 (18 (18) anagwiritsa ntchito njira zina. Zolemba makumi awiri (67%) Kuyesa wophunzira wophunzira kudzera mukuyezetsa, omwe 10 (30%) omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito oyeserera ndi / kapena positi. Maphunziro a khumi ndi umodzi (33%) adagwiritsa ntchito mafunso ndi mayeso kuti muyesetse chidziwitso cha ophunzira, ndipo maphunziro asanu (15%) amagwiritsa ntchito chithunzi cholembera / chizindikiritso. Pafupifupi ophunzira 76 omwe amatenga nawo gawo paphunziro lililonse (osachepera 8, kupitilira 319). Maphunziro makumi awiri ndi anayi (72%) anali ndi gulu lowongolera, lomwe 20 (60%) kugwiritsa ntchito mosasintha. Mosiyana ndi izi, kafukufuku wina (3%) adapereka mitundu ya anatomical kwa ophunzira 10 osiyanasiyana. Pafupifupi, magulu 2.6 adafanizidwa (osachepera 2, kupitilira 10). Maphunziro makumi awiri ndi atatu (70%) omwe amaphatikizapo ophunzira azachipatala, omwe 14 (42%) anali ophunzira oyamba. Maphunziro asanu ndi limodzi (18%) omwe ali ndi ophunzira a mano, ndipo 3 (9%) ophunzira. Maphunziro asanu ndi limodzi (18%) amayambitsa kuphunzira kwawo ndikuwunika pawokha pogwiritsa ntchito 3dpam. Gome 4 limafotokoza mwachidule zotsatira za kuwunika kwamphamvu kwa 3dpamu kuwerengera kwa aliyense pakuphunzira.
Ubwino waukulu womwe wolemba adalemba 3dpam monga chida chophunzitsira anthu chowoneka bwino ndi chowoneka bwino komanso cholondola. ]. , 48, 64]. 41, 44, 45, 48, 51, 65, 64, 81, 83, 83, kusinthika [80], kuthekera [85, 58, 59, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 69, 67, 80]. , kapangidwe kofulumira kwa mitundu ya mafupa [81], kupanga mitundu yopanga makatani ndikuwatengera kwawo [Chithunzi patsamba 23] 25, 63 Ndipo kukhutitsidwa kwa ophunzira [255, 46, 57, 57, 67, 63, 66, 69, 69, 84].
Zoyipa zazikuluzikulu ndizokhudzana ndi kapangidwe: Kukhazikika [80], kusasinthasintha kapena kuwonekera. ndi kufooka pansi [71]. Zovuta zina zimaphatikizapo kutayika [30, 76], nthawi yayitali, 57, 58, 78, 68, 68, 68, 68, 66, 66, 66, 66, 66, 66, 67, 67, ndi mtengo. 48..
Kubwereza mwatsatanetsatane Dera lililonse la Anatomical linaphunziridwa ndi 3d kusindikizidwa. Mwa zolemba izi, nkhani 37 poyerekeza 3dpam ndi mitundu ina, ndi zinthu 33 zomwe zimawunikira kuchuluka kwa zaka 3DPAM kwa ophunzira.
Popeza kusiyana komwe kumapangidwe a anatomical maphunziro 3 osindikiza, sitinkaona kuti kunali kopenda mwachisanthu. Kusanthula kwa Meta-kusindikizidwa mu 2020 makamaka pamayeso a Anatomical kudziwa mayeso osaphunzitsidwa popanda kupenda maluso a kapangidwe ka 3dpam ndikupanga [10].
Chigawo chamutu ndi chophunzirira kwambiri, mwina chifukwa zovuta za matupi ake zimapangitsa kuti ophunzira azikhala pamalo atatu owonetsera mbali zitatu zomwe zikufanizira ndi miyendo kapena torso. Ct ndi omwe ambiri amapezeka kwambiri. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, makamaka pamakina azachipatala, koma imakhala ndi zochepa zosinthana ndi zofewa zochepa. Zoperewera izi zimapangitsa kuti ma CT Scans osayenera kugawana ndikutsatira minyewa yamanjenje. Kumbali inanso, kuphatikiza tomography ndikwabwino kwa mafupa amtundu wa minyewa / placeng; Kusiyana kwa mafupa kumathandizira kumaliza masitepe awa asanafike 3D amasindikiza mitundu. Kumbali inayi, tizikonda kutchula zaukadaulo pankhani ya kusintha kwa malo akumata [70]. Ma scanner owoneka bwino kapena Mri amathanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza zithunzi. Kusintha kwapamwamba kumalepheretsa kusefukira kwamafupa ndikusunga zobisika za maatomical [59]. Kusankha kwa mtundu kumakhudzanso kutanthauzira: mwachitsanzo, mitundu yamapulasitiki yapulasitiki imakhala ndi lingaliro lotsika [45]. Opanga zithunzi amayenera kupanga zitsanzo za 3D, zomwe zimawonjezera mtengo ($ 25 mpaka $ 150 pa ola) [43]. Kupeza mafayilo apamwamba kwambiri .stl sikokwanira kupanga mitundu yolimba kwambiri. Ndikofunikira kudziwa magawo osindikiza, monga kutsata mawonekedwe a m'mbale [29]. Olemba ena amati matekinoloje otsogola monga sls ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kulikonse komwe kungathetse kulondola kwa 3dpam [38]. Kupanga kwa 3dpam kumafuna thandizo la akatswiri; Akatswiri ofunafuna kwambiri ndi akatswiri a akatswiri a akatswiri opanga ma radiologin, [75].
Gawolo ndi mapulogalamu otsogola ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupeza mitundu yolondola, koma mtengo wa mapulogalamu awa ndi zovuta zawo zimalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo. Kafukufuku angapo akuyerekeza kugwiritsa ntchito ma phukusi osiyanasiyana mapulogalamu ndi matekinoloje osindikiza, ndikuwonetsa zabwino komanso zovuta za ukadaulo uliwonse [68]. Kuphatikiza pa pulogalamu yotsatsa, mapulogalamu osindikiza omwe amagwirizana ndi chosindikizira chosankhidwa chikufunikanso; Olemba ena amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito kusindikiza pa intaneti 35 [75]. Ngati zinthu zokwanira za 3d zasindikizidwa, kugulitsa kungayambitse kubweza ndalama [72].
Pulasitiki ndi gawo lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Zojambula ndi mitundu yake zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosankha za 3dpam. Olemba ena adayamikira mphamvu zake zambiri poyerekeza ndi mitundu yachikhalidwe ya Cadaver., 56, 73, 73]. Plastics ena ngakhale atakhala kuti akumata kapena otambasula katundu. Mwachitsanzo, Filaflex yokhala ndi ukadaulo wa FDM amatha kutambasulira mpaka 700%. Olemba ena amaganizira nkhani yosankha minofu, tendon ndi kusintha mawu [63]. Komabe, maphunziro awiri abweretsa mafunso okhudza miyala yazomera. M'malo mwake, mawonekedwe a minofu ya minofu, ikani, mkati, ntchito ndi yovuta m'minofu [33].
Modabwitsa, ndi maphunziro ochepa chabe amatchula kukula kosindikiza. Popeza anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti 1: 1 Chiwerengero chake chinali kukhala muyezo, wolemba mwina adasankha kuti asatchule. Ngakhale kulitsidwa kukakhala kothandiza pophunzira m'magulu akuluakulu, kuthekera kwa kukula komweko sikunachitikebe, makamaka ndi kukula kwa kalasi komanso kukula kwa mtundu kukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri. Zachidziwikire, masikelo amtundu wathunthu amapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kupeza ndi kufotokoza zinthu zosiyanasiyana za Anatomical kwa wodwalayo, yemwe angafotokoze chifukwa chomwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito nthawi zambiri.
Mwa osindikiza ambiri omwe akupezeka pamsika, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito polyJJet (zojambula kapena zomangira) ukadaulo wa US $ 20,000 ndi US $ 250,000 (https: // www .niwaa.com /). Mtengo wokwerawu ungachepetse kukweza kwa 3dpam m'masukulu azachipatala. Kuphatikiza pa mtengo wa chosindikizira, mtengo wa zida zofunika kusindikizidwa ndi kupitilira apolisi [68]. Mitengo yosindikiza kapena FDM ndizotsika mtengo kwambiri, kuyambira € 576 mpaka € 4,999 munkhanizi zomwe zalembedwa mu ndemanga iyi. Malinga ndi Tripodi ndi ogwira nawo ntchito, gawo lililonse la mafupa limatha kusindikizidwa US $ 1.25 [47]. Eleven studies concluded that 3D printing is cheaper than plasticization or commercial models [24, 27, 41, 44, 45, 48, 51, 60, 63, 80, 81, 83]. Komanso, mitundu yamalonda iyi imapangidwa kuti ipereke chidziwitso chokwanira popanda chidziwitso cha anatomy chiphunzitso [80]. Mitundu iyi yamalonda imawonedwa ngati 3dpam [44]. Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti, kuwonjezera paukadaulo wosindikiza omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito, mtengo womaliza ndiwolingana ndi kuchuluka kwake ndipo chifukwa chake kukula komaliza kwa 3dpam [48]. Pazifukwa izi, kukula kwathunthu kumayesedwa [37].
Phunziro limodzi lokha lomwe limayerekezera 3dpam lomwe limapezeka pa malonda [72]. Makanema a Cadaveric ndi wogwiritsa ntchito nthawi ya 3dpam. Ngakhale anali ndi malire, mitundu ya Cadaric imakhalabe chida chamtengo wapatali chophunzitsira anatomy. Kusiyanitsa kuyenera kupangidwa pakati pa mawu osungirako anthu ambiri, magawano ndi fupa. Kutengera mayeso a maphunziro, kafukufuku awiri adawonetsa kuti 3dpam anali wothandiza kwambiri kuposa masamba a [16, 27]. Kafukufuku wina adayerekeza ola limodzi lophunzitsira pogwiritsa ntchito 3dpam (m'munsimu) ndi ola limodzi lokhala ndi dera lomwelo la ontatomical [78]. Panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa njira ziwiri zophunzitsira. Zikuoneka kuti pali kafukufuku wochepa pamutuwu chifukwa kuyerekezera koteroko ndikovuta kupanga. Kusaka ndi kukonzekera nthawi kwa ophunzira. Nthawi zina maora ambiri okonzekera amafunikira, kutengera zomwe zikukonzekera. Kufanizira kwachitatu kumapangidwa ndi mafupa owuma. Phunziro lolemba TSAI ndipo Smith adapeza kuti mayeso amayesedwa kwambiri mgululi pogwiritsa ntchito 3dpam [dpam [dpam [dpam [dpam [nkhuku 63, 63]. Chen ndi ogwira nawo ntchito omwe ophunzira pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya 3D amagwiritsa ntchito bwino pozindikira (zigawenga), koma panalibe kusiyana mu MCQ Scores [69]. Pomaliza, Tenner ndi ogwira ntchito ndi anzawo adawonetsa zotsatira zake zoyeserera m'gululi pogwiritsa ntchito katswiri wazithunzi za Prettegofalatine fossa [46]. Zida zina zatsopano zophunzitsira zidadziwika mu kuwunikiridwa kwa mabukuwa. Zofala kwambiri pakati pawo ndi zophatikizira zenizeni, zenizeni zenizeni [43]. Malinga ndi mahoous ndi ogwira nawo ntchito, zomwe amakonda kwa onatomical mitundu zimatengera kuchuluka kwa maola omwe amasewera masewera a kanema [31]. Kumbali ina, zovuta zazikulu za zida zatsopano zophunzitsira ndi ndemanga ya Haptic, makamaka kwa zida zenizeni [48].
Kafukufuku ambiri akuwunikira 3dpam watsopano wagwiritsa ntchito zonama. Izi zokopa izi zimathandizira kupewa tsankho. Olemba ena, asanagwetse maphunziro oyesera, kupatula ophunzira onse omwe adapanga pamwamba pa mayeso oyambira [40]. Pakati pa mipata ya garas ndi anzawo omwe atchulidwa kuti anali mtundu wa mtundu ndi kusankha kwa odzipereka mu gulu la ophunzira [61]. Kuchepetsa kumathandizira kuzindikira magulu a anatomical. Chen ndi ogwira ntchito adakhazikitsa zoyeserera zosakhwima popanda kusiyana koyambirira pakati pamagulu ndipo phunziroli lidachititsidwa khungu mpaka pansi. Lim ndi ogwira ntchito amalimbikitsa kuti kuwunika kwa pambuyo poyesedwa ndi phwando lachitatu popewa kukondera m'mauniwo [16]. Kafukufuku wina wagwiritsa ntchito masikelo a firt kuti awonere kuthekera kwa 3dpam. Chida ichi ndichabwino kuti mumvetse kukhutira, koma pali mabiliyoni osafunikira kudziwa [86].
Kudzilika kwa kafukufuku wa 3dpam kudayesedwa pakati pa ophunzira azachipatala, kuphatikizapo ophunzira azaka zoyambirira, mu 143 mwa maphunziro. Mu kafukufuku wawo woyendetsa ndege, Wilk ndi ogwira nawo ntchito adanenedwa kuti ophunzira azachipatala amakhulupirira kuti kusindikiza 300 kuyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi anatero kuphunzira [87]. 87% ya ophunzira omwe amafunsidwa mu kafukufuku wa Cercenelli yemwe amakhulupirira kuti chaka chachiwiri chophunzira chidali nthawi yabwino kugwiritsa ntchito 3dpam [bdpam [84]. Zotsatira za Tanner ndi mnzake za ogwira ntchito za anzake zinawonetsanso kuti ophunzira amachita bwino atapanda kupita kumunda [46]. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti chaka choyamba cha sukulu yachipatala ndi nthawi yabwino kwambiri yophatikiza 3dpam yophunzitsa. Mukusanthula pa Meta-kusanthula uwu [18]. Munkhani 27 zomwe zinaphatikizapo kuphunzira, panali kusiyana kwakukulu pakuyesa pakati pa 3dpam ndi mitundu yachikhalidwe kwa ophunzira azachipatala, koma osati okhalamo.
3dpam monga chida chophunzirira bwino chipatala [162, 57, 69, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 79, 78, 79, 79, 79, 78, 59, ndipo kukhutitsidwa kwa nthawi yayitali (32), ndipo kukhutitsidwa kwa ophunzira [25, 55, 57, 67, 67, 67, 67, 67, 67, 63 , 66]. , 69, 84]. Masamba a akatswiri adapezanso mitundu iyi (37, 49, 49, 81, 82], ndipo kafukufuku awiri adapeza kukhutitsidwa kwa aphunzitsi ndi 3dpam [3Dpam [3dpam [3DPAM [25DPAM [25DPAM [25DPAM [25DPAM [25DPAM [25DPAM [25DPAM [25DPAM [25DPAM [25DPAM [25DPAM [25DPAM [25DPAM [253]. Za magwero onse, nyumba zakunyumba ndi ogwira ntchito zimalingalira za kusindikiza 3 kuti zikhale njira yabwino kwambiri yosinthira mitundu 49]. Pafupi ndi kusanthula kwawo koyamba, inu ndi anzanu omwe adalandira malangizo a 3dpam anali ndi ziwerengero zabwino kuposa zomwe adalandira. Komabe, adasiyanitsa 3dpam osati ndi zovuta, koma ndi mtima wamanjenje, dongosolo lam'mimba. Mu maphunziro asanu ndi awiri, 3dpam sanatero; Mu Kusanthula Kwawo, Salazar ndi Ogwira ntchito adazindikira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito 3dpam kumathandizadi kumvetsetsa zovuta kwa Havemy [17]. Lingaliro ili likugwirizana ndi kalata ya Hithas kwa mkonzi [88]. Madera ena a anatomical amawonedwa ngati zovuta sizimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito 3dpam, madera ochulukirapo opotoka (monga khosi kapena manjenje kapena manjenje) akhoza kukhala chisankho chomveka cha 3dpam. Lingaliro ili lingafotokozere chifukwa chake ma 3DPAms ena osadziwika ndi mitundu yachikhalidwe, makamaka ngati ophunzira alibe chidziwitso mu magwiridwe antchito omwe amapezeka kuti ndi opambana. Chifukwa chake, kupereka chitsanzo chosavuta kwa ophunzira omwe ali kale ndi chidziwitso cha nkhaniyo (ophunzira kapena okhalamo) sikothandiza kukonza magwiridwe antchito.
Of all the educational benefits listed, 11 studies emphasized the visual or tactile qualities of models [27,34,44,45,48,50,55,63,67,72,85], and 3 studies improved strength and durability (33 , 50-502, 69, 79, 85, 86). Ubwino wina ndizakuti ophunzira amatha kupulumutsa nyumba, aphunzitsi amatha kusunga nthawi, polojekitiyi imatha kupulumutsa mkati mwa maola 24, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chonyumba, ndipo itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa kuchuluka kwakukulu za chidziwitso. magulu [309, 60, 60, 61, 80, 81]. Kubwereza zosindikizira za 3d za chiphunzitso chachikulu kwambiri chimapangitsa mitundu yosindikiza ya 3D yosindikiza ndalama zambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito 3dpam kumatha kusintha kuthekera kwamalingaliro [23] ndikuwongolera kumasulira kwa zithunzi zam'mtanda [23, 32]. Kafukufuku awiri adazindikira kuti ophunzira omwe ali ndi 3Dpam adatha kuchita opaleshoni 40, 74]. Zophatikiza zachitsulo zitha kuphatikizidwa kuti zipangitse kuti kusunthika kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa magwiridwe antchito ma kotay [51, 53], kapena zitsanzo zitha kusindikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe oyambitsa [67].
Makina osindikizira 3 amalola kuti osinthasintha mwa kusintha zina mwazomwe zimasinthidwa, [480, 80] Kupanga mitundu yoyenera, (49] Kupanga nyumba zina zamkati kuoneka [30]. Tripodi ndi ogwira ntchito omwe amagwiritsa ntchito dongo kuti akwaniritse mafupa awo osindikizidwa a 3D, ndikugogomezera mtengo wa mitundu yopangidwa ndi zida zopangidwa monga zida zophunzitsira [47]. Mu maphunziro 9, mtunduwo udayikidwa atasindikiza [43, 49, 49, 58, 58, 65, 65, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, koma ophunzira adaliyika kamodzi [45]. Tsoka ilo, phunziroli silinawone njira yophunzitsira yachitsanzo kapena kuphunzitsidwa. Izi zikuyenera kulingaliridwa munthawi ya maphunziro a anatomy, monga phindu la kuphunzira komanso kupangidwa bwino. Kuti muthane ndi ntchito yotsatsa, zophunzirira zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri podziwira [24, 26, 32, 46, 69, 69, 82].
Kafukufuku wina anazindikira kuti mtundu wa pulasitiki unali wowala kwambiri [45], Phunziro lina lowala kwambiri [45] ]. . Kafukufuku wachisanu ndi awiri anazindikira kuti zomwe zatomical zomwe zilipo pa 3dpam sichokwanira [284, 45, 48, 68, 63, 63, 81].
Kuti mumve zambiri za madera akuluakulu ndi zovuta, monga retropete kapena khosi lam'madzi, gawo ndipo nthawi yotsatira imawonedwa ngati lalitali kwambiri ndipo mtengo wathunthu ndi wokwera kwambiri (27, 48]. Hojo ndi ogwira nawo ntchito adawerenga kuti adatenga maola 40 kuti apange mtundu wa anatomical wa pelvis [42]. Nthawi yayitali kwambiri yokhala ndi magawo atatu inali maola 380 pophunzira ndi a Weatherall ndi ogwira nawo ntchito, omwe mitundu ingapo idaphatikizidwa kuti ipange mtundu wonse wa anyani [36]. M'maphunziro asanu ndi anayi, magawo ndi nthawi yosindikiza amawonedwa kuti ndi zovuta [36, 57, 58, 74]. Komabe, kafukufuku 12 adatsutsa zinthu zakuthupi za mitundu yawo, makamaka kusasinthika kwawo, [30] 34]. , 45, 48, 62, 63, 81]. Zoyipa izi zitha kugonjetsedwa ndikuwonjezera gawo kapena nthawi yoyeserera. Kutaya ndi kubwezeretsa chidziwitso choyenera chinali vuto lomwe magulu atatu amakumana nawo [30, 74, 77]. Malinga ndi lipoti la wodwala, ogwiritsa ntchito mosiyana ndi omwe adalembapo ntchito sanaperekenso mawonekedwe abwino chifukwa cha zofooka [74]. Jakisoni wa mtundu wa Cadaveric akuwoneka kuti ndi njira yabwino yomwe imasuntha kuchoka pa mfundo ya "pang'ono momwe mungathere" komanso malire a mlingo wa wothandizidwa wosiyanitsa.
Tsoka ilo, nkhani zambiri sizimanena za 3dpam zina za 3dpam. Ochepera theka la zolembazo momveka bwino ngati 3dpam yawo. Kulemba kwa kuchuluka kwa kusindikiza kunali kosagwirizana (43% ya zolemba), ndipo 34% okha ndi omwe amatchulidwa kugwiritsa ntchito media angapo. Magawo osindikiza awa ndi ovuta chifukwa amathandizira zophunzira za 3dpam. Zolemba zambiri sizimapereka chidziwitso chokwanira chokhudza zovuta zopeza 3dpam (ziyeneretso, zokwanira, ndalama zosindikizira, ndi zina). Izi ndizofunikira ndipo ziyenera kuganiziridwa musanaganize poyambira polojekiti yopanga 3dpam yatsopano.
Kuwunika kwatsatanetsatane kumeneku kumawonetsa kuti kupanga mitundu ya mahatchi ndi 3D yosindikizidwa bwino kwambiri, makamaka mukamagwiritsa ntchito FDM kapena HARDERS komanso zida za pulasitiki zokha. Komabe, mapangidwe oyambirawa amatha kuthandizidwa ndikuwonjezera utoto kapena kuwonjezera mapangidwe osiyanasiyana. Mitundu yodziwika bwino (yosindikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zingapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mtundu wa Cadaver) Izi zimachulukitsa mtengo wonse. Ziribe kanthu kuti ndi njira yosindikiza iti yomwe imasankhidwa, Kusankha njira yoyenera yoyenerera ndi kiyi kwa kupambana kwa 3dpam. Kuthetsa kwapamwamba kwa malowo, owona mtima amakhala ndi mwayi ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito kafukufuku wapamwamba. Kuchokera pamalingaliro owoneka bwino, 3dpam ndi chida chothandiza pophunzitsa anatomy, monga zikuwonekera ndi mayesero omwe amayesedwa kwa ophunzira komanso kukhutira kwawo. Chiphunzitso cha 3dpam chimakhala bwino pakagamera madera osokoneza bongo ndi ophunzira amagwiritsa ntchito kumayambiriro kwa chithandizo chamankhwala.
Zolemba zopangidwa ndi / kapena kusanthula pophunzira pano sizikupezeka pagulu chifukwa cha zotchinga chilankhulo koma zimapezeka kuchokera ku Wolemba Zolingana ndi Kufunsidwa Kwabwino.
Drake RL, wotsika dj, proitt cm. Kuwunika kwa Anatomy, microanatomy, neurobiology, ndi maphunziro a exology mu maphunziro a US azachipatala cha US. Anat rec. 2002; 269 (2): 118-22.
GHOSH SM Cadavesic Distiction yophunzitsa a Anatomical Science m'zaka za zana la 21: Dissaction ngati chida chophunzitsira. Kusanthula maphunziro a sayansi. 2017; 10 (3): 286-99.
Post Nthawi: Apr-09-2024